Seasonal length-of-day changes and atmospheric angular momentum oscillations in their temporal variability

Recently, effective atmospheric-angular-momentum (AAM) functions as calculated from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (formerly National Meteorological Center, NMC) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalyses have become available for the years 1958 to 1998. Concerning the wind terms, the top level in the atmosphere used here is 10 hPa. Compared with earlier NMC model versions, which incorporate wind fields up to 100 hPa since 1976 and up to 50 hPa since 1981, the reanalyses have produced improved data series over a longer period than before. The axial AAM component χ₃ is associated with changes in length of day (LOD). Motivated by better quality and continuity of the series AAM (NCEP) Reanalysis, the problem of the seasonal imbalances in the solid Earth–atmosphere axial angular momentum budget is re-examined. To assess better the estimates of the annual and semiannual oscillations in LOD and AAM and of the residual oscillations derived as difference series between LOD and AAM, the series of LOD data from three analysis centers [International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), GeoForschungZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena (JPL)] and of AAM data in terms of χ₃(W), χ₃(P) and χ₃(P+IB) from four meteorological centers [NCEP, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO)] are used in this study. The main analysis steps were removing gaps, filtering out the seasonal oscillations, calculating optimal estimates of the parameters of the oscillations and calculating the difference series between the LOD and AAM systems as well as the residuals in the axial angular momentum budget in the LOD–AAM systems. The results derived as difference series between the different LOD, AAM and LOD–AAM systems show to what extent the variations reflect systematic differences and significant signals, respectively, which is important for future activities in this field. Received: 2 February 1999 / Accepted: 30 November 1999     

Model atmosphere parameters of the binary systems COU1289 and COU1291

The spectral energy distributions between λ 3700 Å and λ 8100 Å of the binary systems COU1289 and COU1291 have been measured with the Carl‐Zeiss‐Jena 1 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. Their B, V, R magnitudes and B – V colour indices were computed and compared with earlier investigations. Model atmospheres of both systems were constructed using a grid of Kurucz blanketed models, their spectral energy distributions in the continuous spectrum were computed and compared with the observational ones. The model atmosphere parameters for the components of COU1289 were derived as: T ^a_eff = 7100 K, T ^b_eff = 6300 K, log g _a = 4.22, log g _b = 4.22, R _a = 1.50 R_⊙, R _b = 1.40 R_⊙, and for the components of COU1291 as: T ^a_eff = 6400 K, T ^b_eff = 6100 K, log g _a = 4.20, log g _b = 4.35, R _a = 1.47 R_⊙, R _b = 1.12 R_⊙. The spectral types of both components of the system COU1289 were concluded as F1 and F7, and of the system COU1291 as F6 and F9. Finally the formation and evolution of the systems were discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

祁连山地区生态环境恶化对环境影响的数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5,依据祁连山地区复杂地形下生态环境恶化的事实,设计了一个控制试验和一个敏感性试验,数值模拟结果表明:MM5模式能够较好地模拟祁连山地区的降水;祁连山地区生态环境恶化对周围地区甚至较远地区的降水会产生较大的影响,区域平均降水减少约2％,对本地区的生态环境很不利;模拟区域感热通量增大,潜热通量减小,但是潜热通量变化的绝对值大于感热通量变化的绝对值,因此热通量是减小的;模拟区域气温和地面温度升高,同时土壤温度也升高。     

宁夏春季沙尘暴频次异常与北太平洋海温异常的关系研究

利用宁夏沙尘暴频次资料、500 hPa环流特征量资料、NCEP再分析资料、北太平洋海温场格点资料,采用相关分析、合成分析、小波变换、SVD分析,对宁夏沙尘暴频次与北太平洋海温场的关系进行了研究,探讨了北太平洋海温场通过影响大气环流异常再影响沙尘暴异常的途径。结果表明：宁夏春季沙尘暴频次与前一年10月到当年5月加利福尼亚海温有显著的负相关关系,关键区海温冷、暖异常与宁夏春季沙尘暴日数多、少有较好的时频对应关系;另外发生在北太平洋的厄尔尼诺事件对宁夏春季沙尘暴有重要影响,当北太平洋海温场呈厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）型分布时,宁夏各地沙尘暴日数以偏少（多）为主。加利福尼亚海温通过影响大气环流,进而影响宁夏沙尘暴的发生,冷水年春季（3—5月）,欧亚大陆高空系统较强,环流经向度加大,蒙古气旋加深,有利于极地冷空气南下;从风场形势看,冷水年河套至甘肃、内蒙西部及蒙古国中西部一带高层盛行西北风,而低层多为东南风,这种不稳定形势,也为西北沙尘暴的发生发展创造了有利气候条件。另外,冷水年冬春季东亚大槽位置以偏西为主,极涡强度偏强的年份占优势,西风环流指数负距平的年份偏多,经向环流偏强,冷锋活动频繁,大部分冬季平均气温偏低,表明冬季风偏强的年份为主;而暖水年基本相反。     

Marine organic geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea surficial sediments

As part of a lipid biogeochemical study, aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were determined in surficial sediments from the Cretan Sea (South Aegean Sea) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Total concentrations of both aliphatic (AHC) and polyaromatic (PAH) hydrocarbons were low (562–5697 and 14.6–158.5 ng/g, respectively) with respect to other coastal sediments worldwide and compare with concentrations found in open sea areas. The composition of AHC was dominated by unresolved complex mixture (UCM) indicating the presence of petroleum-related hydrocarbon inputs as confirmed by the detection of specific α,β-hopanes. PAH consisted mainly of pyrolytic four- to five-ring compounds. UCM and PAH amounts revealed that Cretan Sea receives low supply of anthropogenic material compared to NW Mediterranean. The spatial distributions of AHC and PAH indicated that urban run-off and transport from the continental self are the major input pathway of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons from terrestrial sources in the near shore area, whereas atmospheric transport might be the significant source of hydrocarbons in the deep area.     

Atmospheric transmission at submillimetre wavelengths from Mauna Kea

The submillimetre atmospheric transmission spectrum above Mauna Kea has been measured at a resolution of 0.005 cm⁻¹ (150 MHz) with a Fourier transform spectrometer at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, using the Sun as a source. Column abundances of O₂, H₂O and O₃ determined from these spectra are found to be in excellent agreement with independent measurements. The derived column abundances have been used as inputs to the atmospheric spectral modelling program fascod . The synthetic transmission spectrum is found to be in excellent agreement with the measured spectrum, and provides a template for submillimetre observations from the JCMT.     

广州市大气污染分布规律

本文根据广州市 1981～ 1997年的环境监测资料和相近年份的气候统计资料 ,对广州市大气污染的分布规律及其成因进行了研究。结果表明 :①广州大气污染物的浓度具有明显的时空分布规律 ,时间上表现为年内冬强夏弱 ,年际之间自 80年代末以来光化学污染逐年增强 ;空间上 ,空气污染物的负荷率依功能区和行政区而异 ,显示市区由东向西 ,由北向南污染趋强的分布特征。②酸雨率高并以春季最严重。③广州大气污染的时空分布规律与广州的气象特征及污染源的分布和排放强度密切相关。文章认为 :改善广州大气环境的质量 ,应该采取合理的城市规划措施 ,并提出了具体的对策。     

中天山山区大气总水汽量和云液水量的遥感研究

使用QFW-1型双通道微波辐射计,于2002年盛夏(7月10日至8月5日)在天山山区乌鲁木齐河流域上风方的小渠子进行了大气积分水汽和云中积分液水量的遥感观测。观测表明;中天山山区盛夏的晴天平均大气水汽含量与目前公认的亚洲大气中的水汽含量相近;晴天的平均大气水汽量具有明显的日变化。对降水云系的液态水含量及其变化遥感监测表明:云系降水具有先兆性;不同类型降水性云的降水临界值不同;云液水由0.5 mm开始上升到降水临界值的降水酝酿期的时间,可以作为天山山区人工增雨实施播云作业的重要参照指标。     

中国登陆台风的统计预报

According to the measured data of typhoons going over the Chinese coasts in 1949-2002,a statistic relative equation showing the relation between the central atmospheric pressure of typhoons in a certain region at a certain period of time and their accumulation of frequency is established, and the concept of recurrence interval of typhoons is put forward, which is of actual significance for typhoon disaster reduction along the coastal area.     

冬季东亚-西太平洋西风急流基本结构及其异常的诊断分析

利用ECMWF再分析资料ERA40中的逐月风场和温度场资料,对冬季位于东亚-西太平洋上空的西风急流(WJS)基本结构和异常特征进行了分析.结果表明,一年当中最为强盛的冬季200 hPa WJS主体稳定地分布于东亚至西太平洋上空,向上向下均迅速减小.在对流层中高层,从东亚沿海到太平洋上空的西风系统较为深厚,低层对应着显著的大气斜压区.通过对东亚-西太平洋地区冬季200 hPa纬向风异常的EOF分解得到三种异常空间分布型,第一模态的中纬度西风异常主要发生于日界线以东的中东太平洋上空,第二、三模态则分别对应WJS主体发生增强/减弱和位置的北/南移动.WJS的这三种空间异常形态与中纬度低层大气斜压性的三种异常分布型相对应.通过对冬季WJS长期趋势的初步分析发现,近二十年来,洋面上空西风急流有增强趋势,这是由于急流轴南侧洋面上空大气存在显著增暖趋势、而急流轴北侧洋面上空却有变冷的趋势所造成的.