Chromosomal population structuring in carangids (Perciformes) between the north-eastern and south-eastern coasts of Brazil

The family Carangidae comprises 151 species, of which only 19 have been so far karyotyped, including a few representatives from the Western Atlantic Ocean. This study compared the cytogenetic features of three Atlantic carangids, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Trachinotus goodei and T. falcatus, from north-eastern Brazilian coast, with previously obtained cytogenetic data from southern populations. All species presented 2n = 48 chromosomes. Chloroscombrus chrysurus showed a conserved karyotypic macrostructure (2n = 48a, FN = 48) whereas T. goodei (2m + 2sm + 44a; FN = 52) and T. falcatus (2n = 10m/sm + 38a; FN = 58) presented more diversified karyotypes. Data showed that the samples of C. chrysurus from the north-eastern and south-eastern regions did not differ cytogenetically. However, the frequency or position of ribosomal sites (Ag-NOR/18S rDNA) were effective in discriminating the populations of Trachinotus between these coastal regions. The distinct chromosomal patterns suggest a historical genetic fractionating of the Trachinotus populations along the Brazilian coast.     

Bayesian estimation of inflow hydrographs in ungauged sites of multiple reach systems

A Bayesian Geostatistical Approach to evaluate unknown upstream flow hydrographs in multiple reach systems is implemented. The methodology was, firstly, tested through three synthetic examples of river confluences, that differ in the available data, boundary conditions and number of the estimated inflow time series. Input discharge hydrographs were routed downstream by means of the widely known HEC-RAS river analysis system to obtain the downstream stage hydrographs used as known observations for the reverse procedure. In almost all cases, the observed water levels were corrupted with random errors to highlight the reliability of the methodology in preventing instabilities and overfitting. Then the procedure was applied to the real case study of the Parma–Baganza river confluence located at the city of Parma (Italy) to assess the tributary Baganza River inflow hydrograph (supposed completely ungauged) using water level data collected downstream on the main reach. The results show that the methodology properly reproduces the unknown inflows even in presence of errors affecting the downstream water levels. The practical applicability of the proposed approach is also demonstrated in complex river systems.     

Spectral sensitivity of ALOS,ASTER, IKONOS,LANDSAT and SPOT satellite imagery intended for the detection of archaeological crop marks

This study compares the spectral sensitivity of remotely sensed satellite images, used for the detection of archaeological remains. This comparison was based on the relative spectral response (RSR) Filters of each sensor. Spectral signatures profiles were obtained using the GER-1500 field spectroradiometer under clear sky conditions for eight different targets. These field spectral signature curves were simulated to ALOS, ASTER, IKONOS, Landsat 7-ETM+, Landsat 4-TM, Landsat 5-TM and SPOT 5. Red and near infrared (NIR) bandwidth reflectance were re-calculated to each one of these sensors using appropriate RSR Filters. Moreover, the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR) vegetation profiles were analysed in order to evaluate their sensitivity to sensors spectral filters. The results have shown that IKONOS RSR filters can better distinguish buried archaeological remains as a result of difference in healthy and stress vegetation (approximately 1–8% difference in reflectance of the red and NIR band and nearly 0.07 to the NDVI profile). In comparison, all the other sensors showed similar results and sensitivities. This difference of IKONOS sensor might be a result of its spectral characteristics (bandwidths and RSR filters) since they are different from the rest of sensors compared in this study.     

Web上的GIS资源分析与典型网站介绍

Web上蕴藏着巨大的资源，有效地利用这些资源将会给我们的学习和工作带来很大的帮助。文中分析了目前Web上的GIS资源，介绍了典型的GIS网站及如何在网上搜寻GIS资源。     

基于自动搜索和光谱匹配技术的训练样本纯化算法

提出了一种基于局部自动搜索和光谱匹配技术的监督分类训练样本的纯化方法。该方法首先利用遥感影像中像元的灰度信息在图像上局部范围内自动搜索和选择最佳样区位置,然后利用光谱匹配的思想对寻找到的最佳样区在光谱空间上进一步纯化。实验结果证明,通过手工选择样区的辅助,该算法能够自动有效地搜寻到最佳样区的位置,并对最佳样区进行纯化处理。原始遥感图像经过本文的样区纯化算法处理后,无论是目视判读效果,还是分类后混淆矩阵的统计及分类精度,均优于纯化处理前的分类结果,具有一定的实用价值。     

江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址蚌器表面残留物中的淀粉粒及其环境指示

江西万年仙人洞和吊桶环遗址是中国长江中游鄱阳湖流域旧石器时期(20~12kaB.P.)的重要遗址,出土有大量的蚌器。本文对两处遗址旧石器晚期地层(大约20~19ka cal.B.P.)出土的两件蚌器表层残留物中的淀粉粒进行了提取和鉴定。在可鉴定的202颗古代淀粉粒中,几乎全部来自小麦族和黍族,很可能是小麦族冰草属(Agropyron)、山羊草属(Aegilops)、小麦属(Triticum)和大麦属(Hordeum)中的某些植物,以及黍族狗尾草属(Setaria)的某些植物。中国现有上述几个属的小麦族植物,除了小麦、大麦和黑麦等被人类种植的物种以外,主要分布在新疆、内蒙西北、甘青地区以及西藏等温干的地区。仙人洞和吊桶环出土蚌器上的古代淀粉粒组合暗示了末次冰盛期江西北部可能存在以禾草为主的草本植物群落。蚌器表面淀粉粒残留验证了蚌器具有收割植物的功能。蚌器表面淀粉粒保存几率的差异也证实了不同埋藏环境对淀粉粒残留物保存有着十分重要的影响,较为封闭的遗址环境中器物表面的淀粉粒可以得到更好的保存。     

石英和碳酸钙表面位的FDIR谱学研究

本文采用漫反射红外光谱（ＦＤＩＲ）方法对石英、方解石、合成碳酸钙和孔雀石等矿物表面位（基团）作了研究。随着溶液ｐＨ值的升高,由于表面基团间氢键的影响,石英表面位〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ和〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ的吸收峰向高频方向漂移,即〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ非对称伸缩振动吸收峰由１０３６ｃｍ＾－１→１０４５ｃｍ＾－１→１０４７ｃｍ＾－１,〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ对称伸缩振动吸收峰由７７７ｃｍ＾－１→７８２ｃｍ＾－１→７８８ｃｍ＾－１,而〈     

淤泥堆场人工硬壳层地基极限承载力室内模拟研究

针对淤泥堆场利用淤泥固化技术制作的人工硬壳层（MMC）地基的极限承载力问题,利用模型试验研究了人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度、厚度以及淤泥的不排水强度对这种人工硬壳层地基极限承载力的影响规律。结果表明,淤泥上覆人工硬壳层地基的极限承载力随人工硬壳层的无侧限抗压强度的增加呈指数增加的趋势,随硬壳层厚度的增加呈现出线性增加的趋势。     

The Gramscatho Basin, south Cornwall, UK: Devonian active margin successions

Deep marine deposits of the Gramscatho Basin of south Cornwall reflect two tectonic regimes; Early to Middle Devonian rifting of continental lithosphere with formation of oceanic lithosphere to the south, and Middle Devonian to earliest Carboniferous convergence along its southern margin. Sediments on thinned continental crust to the north and oceanic lithosphere to the south were juxtaposed in the Late Devonian when nappes of deep water flysch and olistostrome were thrust up on to the northern continental margin of the basin. Basin closure was accommodated by forward propagating thrust nappes, accompanied by penecontemporaneous sedimentation. The stratigraphical sequences of major nappes illustrate the progradation of flysch with climactic sedimentation of olistostrome in late Mid- to Late Devonian times. The Lizard Complex, including the Lizard ophiolite, within that nappe stack, constitutes part of one of the GCR sites which are largely in the allochthonous rocks. Many of those sites feature the olistostrome, Roseland Breccia Formation, with its great variety of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic clasts (up to 1.5 km), and the association of ocean floor basalt and penecontemporaneous acidic volcanics indicative of the coming together of oceanic and continental plates. A site at the top of the parautochthonous continental margin succession displays the erosion products of the youngest nappe as it emerged and advanced across the sediment surface, marking closure of the oceanised Gramscatho Basin and continental collision.     

Space group and hydrogen sites of δ-AlOOH and implications for a hypothetical high-pressure form of Mg(OH)<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The space group and hydrogen positions of -(Al_0.84Mg_0.07Si_0.09)OOH are investigated using a single crystal synthesized using a multi-anvil apparatus under conditions of 1000 °C and 21 GPa. The space group determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction is to Pnn2, with unit-cell parameters of a=4.6975(8) Å, b= 4.2060(6) Å, c=2.8327(4) Å, and V=55.97(1) ų. Partial occupancy of the Al site by Mg and Si suggests the possibility of a limited solid solution between -AlOOH, stishovite, and a hypothetical CaCl₂-type Mg(OH)₂ that is 16% denser than brucite. Difference-Fourier maps reveal two small but significant Fourier peaks attributable to hydrogen atoms. Atomic distances and angles around the first peak indicate a hydrogen bond with O···O distances of 2.511 Å, while those around the second peak are suggestive of a bifurcated hydrogen bond with O···O distances of 2.743 and 2.743 Å.