山东省旧石器-商周时期古遗址时空分布及其与水文地貌的关系

以山东省为研究区,全面收集区域旧石器-商周时期古遗址数据建立数据库,结合SRTM DEM、SLOPE和SPECT等数据,利用ArcGIS 10.3软件对旧石器至商周时期3338处古遗址与高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度及海岸线变化的关系进行分析,探索古遗址时空分布与水文地貌的关系。结果表明：1）随着文化发展,古遗址在数量上整体上表现为先减后增又减的趋势,空间分布由鲁中南丘陵区→鲁西北平原区→鲁中环西北丘陵区→鲁中山地丘陵区逐渐扩展。2）古遗址主要分布在海拔20~100 m的区域,达到2019个,占比约60.49%;较大面积的古遗址主要分布在海拔100~200 m的区域,达到0.87 km² /个;较小面积的古遗址主要分布在海拔50~100 m区域,为0.47 km² /个。3）古遗址主要分布在坡度0°~3°的区域,达到2824个,占比约84.6%,充分说明坡度较小的区域适宜古人居住;坡向分布在光照较好和光照较差区域的古遗址数量基本相当,但光照较好的古遗址总面积大于光照较差区域约30%,从侧面证明古人选址倾向于光照充足的区域。4）各时期古遗址的濒河性呈先增后减又增的趋势,主要分布在距离水系水平距离3000 m范围内,达到836个,占比约25.04%;古遗址主要分布在5级水系附近,占比约18.0%,与水系级别呈负相关,这与古人取水便捷和水患频发有关。5）在莱州湾南岸和胶州湾环岸地区,古遗址的分布主要受控于黄河三角洲的频繁变动和海平面变化。

     

山西襄汾大柴更新统剖面划分的新观点

对山西襄汾丁村文化遗址群内大柴剖面进行的磁性地层学研究表明,松山与布容的极性界线（M/B）出现在距剖面顶部45 m处;磁化率对比结果显示,此位置正好与S8上部对应.由这种极性和磁化率的对应结果可推断,下、中更新统（Q1/Q2）的地层分界也应在距剖面顶部45 m处的S8上部,而不是传统上认为的Q1/Q2的地层分界,在距剖面顶部80 m处.这种以古地磁学为基础的新的划分方案,对丁村遗址群的对比以及丁村遗址年代的最终确定都有重要的指示意义.根据其沉积环境和地层特征推断,采样部位下部的磁化率低值带应为水成黄土.而岩石磁学研究结果显示,磁铁矿、赤铁矿和热不稳定性磁赤铁矿是大柴剖面沉积物中主要的磁性矿物;磁铁矿和赤铁矿同为高温稳定性磁性载体.     

石英和碳酸钙表面位的FDIR谱学研究

本文采用漫反射红外光谱（ＦＤＩＲ）方法对石英、方解石、合成碳酸钙和孔雀石等矿物表面位（基团）作了研究。随着溶液ｐＨ值的升高,由于表面基团间氢键的影响,石英表面位〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ和〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ的吸收峰向高频方向漂移,即〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ非对称伸缩振动吸收峰由１０３６ｃｍ＾－１→１０４５ｃｍ＾－１→１０４７ｃｍ＾－１,〉Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ对称伸缩振动吸收峰由７７７ｃｍ＾－１→７８２ｃｍ＾－１→７８８ｃｍ＾－１,而〈     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Vanishing Farmland Crisis, Critical Views of the Movement to Preserve Agricultural Land . John Baden Protecting Farmlands . Frederick R. Steiner and John E. Theilacker Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems . Peter de V. Booysen and Neil M. Tainton Geography in China . Wu Chuanjun , Wang Nailiang , Lin Chao and Zhao Songqiao Resource Inventory and Baseline Study Methods for Developing Countries . Francis Conant , Peter Rogers , Marion Baumgardner , Cyrus Mc Kell , Raymond Dasmann, and Priscilla Reining Principles of Remote Sensing . Paul J. Curran Famine As A Geographical Phenomenon . Bruce Currey and Graeme Hugo The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area . David E. Dowall Senses of Place . John Eyles Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value . D. K. Forbes and P. J. Rimmer Issues in Wilderness Management . Michael Frome Land-use and Prehistory in South-east Spain , The London Research Series in Geography 8. Antonio Gilman and John B. Thornes with Stephen Wise Regions in Question, Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy . Charles Gore The Colorado River: Instability and Basin Management . William L. Graf Hazardous Waste Sites: The Credibility Gap . Michael R. Greenberg and Richard F. Anderson Peasants, Subsistence Ecology, and Development in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea . Lawrence S. Grossman Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915 Peter B. Hales Silicon Landscapes . Peter Hall and Ann Markusen Remaking Ibieca: Rural Life in Aragon under Franco . Susan F. Harding The European Energy Challenge: East and West . George W. Hoffman The Global Climate . John T. Houghton The Urban Jobless in Eastern Africa . Abel G. M. Ishumi . The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America . John A. Jakle City and Society: An Outline for Urban Geography . R. J. Johnston Residential Segregation, The State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas . R. J. Johnston Accessibility and Utilization: Geographical Perspectives on Health Care Delivery . Alun E. Joseph and David R. Phillips To the Heart of Asia: The Life of Sven Hedin . George Kish North American Culture , Vol 1. Ary J. Lamme III Past and Present in the Americas: A Compendium of Recent Studies . John Lynch Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal . Jesse O. Mc Kee The Shell Countryside Book . Richard Muir and Eric Duffey 1990 Planning Conference Series. Proceedings of the National Geographic Areas Conference . Proceedings of the Regional Geographic Areas Conferences Wood, Brick, and Stone: The North American Settlement Landscape . Vol. 2: Barns and Farm Structures . Allen G. Noble Bangladesh: Biography of a Muslim Nation . Charles Peter O'donnell     

光污染和光学天文台址保护

讨论了天光背景对光学天文台的背景，综述了造成光污染的主要途径，介绍了防止光污染的几个主要国际组织和国际上对天文台址的保护立法，提出了减少污染的主要措施。为国内进行光学天文台址保护采取措施以至（国家的或者地方的）立法提供参考。     

中国典型有机污染场地土层岩性和污染物特征分析

目前我国存在大量待修复场地,其分布具有一定的规律性和区域性,场地地层系统结构复杂、渗透性空间异质性显著,污染物种类复杂。总结场地典型土层结构和典型污染物有助于有针对性地开展修复技术的研发。为此,本文收集并整理了全国136处有机污染场地相关资料,对其地域性、地层及污染物特征总结如下:目前我国已经开展调查与修复的有机污染场地主要集中在京津冀和沪宁杭地区;有机污染场地土层基本都含有黏土等低渗透介质,而且都具有非均质性,其中67%场地土层有强非均质性;沪宁杭地区场地土层渗透性总体低于京津冀和辽中南地区,此外我国京津冀和辽中南地区场地调查深度(20.3 m)总体大于沪宁杭地区(12.8 m);我国有机污染场地地下水中最常见的有机污染物种类为氯代溶剂,依次为氯代烷烃类(场地数量占比84%)、氯代苯类(场地数量占比46%)和氯代烯烃类(场地数量占比33%);最常见的3种氯代溶剂依次为二氯乙烷、一氯苯和三氯甲烷。     

历史时期伊犁河谷文化遗址时空特征及驱动力分析

运用Arc GIS软件对伊犁河谷文化遗址时空分布进行分析,探讨了遗址时空演变特征与人文历史、自然环境的关系。结果表明:1从夏—西周到清—近现代6个时期中,遗址数量及在总数中的比重、出现频率呈倒"V"型变化,从萌芽阶段到巅峰阶段,至衰落阶段。2遗址的空间分布格局由前3个时期的"东高西低"转变为后3个时期的"西高东低",人类活动空间重心发生了转移。3遗址主要分布在1~5级坡度上,其比重由春秋—秦时期的75%增至清—近现代时期的93.75%;而遗址集中分布高程则由春秋—秦和西汉—南北朝时期的4~8级转移到后3个时期的1~4级,且其数量表现出明显的从高海拔的山地丘陵向低海拔平原、从高坡度向低坡度转移。4研究区遗址演变模式与典型干旱区遗址迁移模式相反,表现为特殊的"中上游→下游"迁移的"湿润模式"。5研究区文化遗址分布、时空演变受政治、经济、生产力等人文因素和地貌、海拔、坡度、气候等自然因素的综合影响。由于其气候湿润,水资源丰富,虽然遗址分布和演变表现出一定的河谷谷地、阶地、平原、水资源等"自然因素"指向性规律,但更突出表现为生产力水平、政治稳定、经济发展、商贸交通等"人文力量"指向性规律,这一点在中后期表现得更为明显。     

Spectral sensitivity of ALOS,ASTER, IKONOS,LANDSAT and SPOT satellite imagery intended for the detection of archaeological crop marks

This study compares the spectral sensitivity of remotely sensed satellite images, used for the detection of archaeological remains. This comparison was based on the relative spectral response (RSR) Filters of each sensor. Spectral signatures profiles were obtained using the GER-1500 field spectroradiometer under clear sky conditions for eight different targets. These field spectral signature curves were simulated to ALOS, ASTER, IKONOS, Landsat 7-ETM+, Landsat 4-TM, Landsat 5-TM and SPOT 5. Red and near infrared (NIR) bandwidth reflectance were re-calculated to each one of these sensors using appropriate RSR Filters. Moreover, the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR) vegetation profiles were analysed in order to evaluate their sensitivity to sensors spectral filters. The results have shown that IKONOS RSR filters can better distinguish buried archaeological remains as a result of difference in healthy and stress vegetation (approximately 1–8% difference in reflectance of the red and NIR band and nearly 0.07 to the NDVI profile). In comparison, all the other sensors showed similar results and sensitivities. This difference of IKONOS sensor might be a result of its spectral characteristics (bandwidths and RSR filters) since they are different from the rest of sensors compared in this study.     

The History of Archaeological Research in North East Greenland: Putting the GeoArk Project into Perspective

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):117–129, 2010

Starting with a brief presentation of the GeoArk Project and its goals, this paper focuses on the archaeological research history of North East Greenland, in particular the area of Sabine Ø and Clavering Ø, in order to view the current project in a wider context. The paper questions the myths about the ‘virgin’ land and it demonstrates how a number of expeditions, activities of professional hunters and trappers, and geopolitical matters in dispute between Denmark and Norway during the 1930s dramatically determined the quite ill fortune of the archaeological sites and monuments of the Thule culture in the study area.     

“Placing” Interviews: Location and Scales of Power in Qualitative Research

For qualitative researchers, selecting appropriate sites in which to conduct interviews may seem to be a relatively simple research design issue. In fact it is a complicated decision with wide-reaching implications. In this paper, we argue that the interview site itself embodies and constitutes multiple scales of spatial relations and meaning, which construct the power and positionality of participants in relation to the people, places, and interactions discussed in the interview. We illustrate how observation and analysis of interview sites can offer new insights with respect to research questions, help researchers understand and interpret interview material, and highlight particular ethical considerations that researchers need to address.