近20 a黄河源园区土地退化时空演化分析

三江源黄河源园区作为黄河的发源地,它的生态系统对整个黄河流域至关重要。针对研究区2000—2020年存在的土地退化问题,选取土壤侵蚀模数、沙化特征指数与土壤湿度指数,采用空间托普利茨逆协方差聚类法开展了3个参数的聚类分析,从而进行黄河源园区土地退化时空演化分析,并采用极致梯度提升法进行时空演化影响因素分析。结果表明：（1） 土地退化现象最严重的地区是中部偏南地区与东北地区,其次为偏北地区。（2） 东北地区存在水土流失与土地沙化2种问题,中部偏南地区以严重的水土流失为主,偏北地区主要表现为土地沙化问题。（3） 近20 a来,土地退化指数呈现波动性下降,土地退化整体趋于好转,在偏南地区表现得更明显。（4） 水土流失问题整体好转,偏北地区有土地沙化的风险。该研究对掌握黄河源园区土地退化的时空分布及发展趋势、推进黄河源园区生态保护具有重要意义。     

基于一维扩散方程反演温度垂直扩散系数的变分方法

Diapycnal mixing is important in oceanic circulation. An inverse method in which a semi-explicit scheme is applied to discretize the one-dimensional temperature diffusion equation is established to estimate the vertical temperature diffusion coefficient based on the observed temperature profiles. The sensitivity of the inverse model in the idealized and actual conditions is tested in detail. It can be found that this inverse model has high feasibility under multiple situations ensuring the stability of the inverse model, and can be considered as an efficient way to estimate the temperature diffusion coefficient in the weak current regions of the ocean. Here, the hydrographic profiles from Argo floats are used to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of the vertical mixing in the north central Pacific based on this inverse method. It is further found that the vertical mixing in the upper ocean displays a distinct seasonal variation with the amplitude decreasing with depth, and the vertical mixing over rough topography is stronger than that over smooth topography It is suggested that the high-resolution profiles from Argo floats and a more reasonable design of the inverse scheme will serve to understand mixing processes.     

地面高精度磁测在西藏恰功铁矿勘查中的应用效果

恰功铁矿是近几年新发现的矿山,然而矿体的形态、大小、埋深、位置、产状、边界等几何特征还没有被认识清楚。为了弄清这些问题,本文通过欧拉反褶积方法对磁异常化极数据进行了反演,反演矿体深度为0-120m;在C-6异常中心选择了两条剖面进行了2.5维拟合反演,反演矿体厚度为20~30m,欧拉反褶积反演结果和2.5维拟合反演结果与ZK32钻孔验证结果相吻合。最后,通过建立恰功矽卡岩型铁矿地质—地球物理找矿模型,为该地区寻找隐伏夕卡岩型铁矿提供了思路。     

Identification of illegal groundwater pumping in semi-confined aquifers

Abstract

Illegal pumping from underground reservoirs is approached as an inverse problem. The procedure seeks among a set of suspected potential areas the ones from which water is effectively pumped out (or in) and at what rate does this take place? Influence coefficient and finite element are combined in order to simulate the aquifer response to hypothetical pumping scenarios. Then the optimal scenario which makes of simulated head distribution the best fit to the observed headset is retained as solution to the foregoing question. This optimal scenario is derived by minimizing the classical least squares error using the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA). Under the conditions of the treated aquifer example it is observed that LMA is non-convergent unless a regularizing measure is taken during the calculation of the correction applied to the parameter-vector between two successive iterations. The procedure is tested with uniform and non-uniform pumping. In both cases, it yields good identified pumping rates within the observation period, but its performance deteriorates markedly for the rates corresponding to the days when no monitoring well is yet active.

Citation Saffi, M. & Cheddadi, A. (2010 Saffi, M. 2008. Contribution of Influence Coefficients in Solving Groundwater Problems, Rabat, Morocco: Mémoire d'Habilitation Universitaire, Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs.  [Google Scholar]) Identification of illegal groundwater pumping in semi-confined aquifers. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(8), 1348–1356.     

Application of inverse geochemical modelling for predicting surface water chemistry in Ekbatan watershed,Hamedan, western Iran

ABSTRACT

A study of surface water chemistry evolution was conducted by multivariate statistical analysis and inverse geochemical modelling using the PHREEQC computer program. Using hierarchical cluster analysis the 14 sampling sites were classified into three groups (recharge, transition and discharge areas). Water chemistry changed along a flow path so that waters with Ca–HCO₃ and Mg–Cl composition changed to Mg–Cl–HCO₃ waters. The order of abundance of the major cations was Mg > Ca > Na > K. Their average concentrations were 21, 19, 3.6 and 2.5 mg L^-1, respectively. Inverse geochemical modelling along flow paths indicated that the dissolution of sylvite and kaolinite, and precipitation of feldspars and andalusite, happened with Na entering the solution and Ca, Mg and K leaving the solution.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor not assigned     

一种新的AVO近似方程及其在储层预测中的应用

泊松比因其物理意义明确,区分岩性和流体的效果明显,作为最重要的岩石物理参数之一被广泛地应用于储层预测研究中。在实际应用中,泊松比参数的获取主要通过先反演得到纵波、横波速度之后的转化计算,误差累积明显。AVO近似方程是振幅类反演技术的理论核心,不同表达形式的AVO近似方程所突出的物理意义也不同。基于叠前AVA多参数同步反演理论,提出一种全新的AVO近似方程,利用该AVO近似方程推导出新的递推关系式同步反演出泊松比、纵波速度、密度等弹性参数。模型与实际应用分析均表明,同步反演得到的泊松比参数有效地减少了因常规间接计算带来的累积误差,提高了储层预测精度。     

叠前PS 波Q 值提取与稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法

多波多分量地震勘探是进行岩性油气藏和隐蔽油气藏勘探的一种非常有潜力的方法。但由于实际地层是黏弹介质,造成地震波能量衰减和波形畸变,导致地震资料信噪比和分辨率难以满足油气勘探的精度要求。为更好地利用纵横波信息,需要对PP 波和PS 波进行振幅和相位补偿。通过解析法推导出一种从叠前转换波共炮点道集中提取横波Q 值的方法,将叠后稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法推广到叠前纵波和转换波的反Q 滤波中,改进了沿着纵波和转换波的传播路径进行补偿的叠前反Q 滤波算法,并进一步将常Q 层内的纵波和转换波反Q 滤波振幅补偿算子解耦为时间项和频率项的乘积,在保证补偿效果稳定的前提下,计算效率得到显著提高。     

标准U形断面渠槽水面线的计算模型

用常规的分段求和法完成标准U形断面渠槽水面线计算不但存在误差累积而且计算工作量大、效率低。依据优化拟合理论,以标准剩余差最小为目标函数,在工程适用参数范围内,经拟合计算获得了由一个简化通用算式替代原积分中的分段且不可积函数,并通过积分获得了该种断面水面线的解析计算模型,且由于正、负拟合误差的相互抵消,使最终计算成果的精度进一步提高。利用该模型完成标准U形断面水面线计算可使求解过程大大简化,工作效率明显提高,具有实用推广意义。     

对水位高程基准的探讨

分析了目前水文测站在水位高程基准上所存在的主要问题,阐述了如何合理使用基面进行测站高程控制,以及有效实现水位的高程基准稳定控制的途径,并提出测站考证方面新的技术措施。     

一种大直径反井钻杆接头螺纹参数的优化研究

采用有限元分析和正交试验相结合的方法对反井钻井用大直径钻杆的接头螺纹参数进行了优化研究。研究结果表明,外螺纹小端大径、锥度、牙侧角和锥部长度等参数对接头螺纹强度有显著影响,得到了各参数作用的主次顺序和不考虑交互作用条件下各参数的最优值。