Annual cycle and budgets of nutrients in the Bohai sea

The environmental problems in the Bohai Sea have become more serious in the last decade. High nutrient concentration contributes much to it. A Sino-German cooperation program has been carried out to improve the understanding of the ecosystem by observations and modelling. A three-dimensional ecosystem model, coupled with a physical transport model, is adopted in this study. The simulation for the year 1982 is validated by the data collected in 1982/1983. The simulated annual mean nutrient concentrations are in good agreement with observations. The nutrient concentrations in the bohai Sea, which are crucial to the algal growth, are high in winter and low in summer. There are depletion from spring to summer and elevation from autumn to winter for nutrients. The nutrients’ depletion is a response to the consumption of the phytoplankton bloom in spring. Internal recycle and external compensation affect the nutrient cycle. Their contributions to the nutrient budgets are discussed based on the simulated results. Production and respiration are the most important sink and source of nutrients. The process of photosynthesis consumes 152 kilotons-P and 831.1 kilotons-N while respiration releases 94.5 kilotons-P and 516.6 kilotons-N in the same period. The remineralization of the detritus pool is an important source of nutrient regeneration, It can compensate 23 percent of the nutrient consumed by the production process. The inputs of phosphates and nitrogen from rivers are 0.55 and 52.7 kilotons respectively. The net nutrient budget is −3.05 kilotons-P and 31.6 kilotons-N.     

大珠母贝人工苗育成研究

采用剥落、不剥落、特制附着基 3种育成方式对大珠母贝人工苗进行了研究。结果表明 :在雷州白蝶贝自然保护区 ,用海底沉笼方法对大珠母贝人工苗育成 ,2 10d后壳高达 (5 3.4 0± 0 .5 8)mm时成活率为 76 .5 %。在海南黎安港 ,用 3种不同的育成方式进行对比试验 ,其中 2 0 0 2年特制附着基组 ,成活率明显高于剥落苗组和不剥落苗组 ,180d后在壳高达 (5 8.2 0± 0 .6 3)mm时成活率为70 1% ,批量生产出壳高 5 0mm以上的大珠母贝 11.2× 10 4 个 ,为大珠母贝苗育成开辟了新途径。     

Annual trace element cycles in calcite–aragonite speleothems: evidence of drought in the western Mediterranean 1200–1100 yr BP

Each of two calcitic stalagmites from Grotte de Clamouse, Herault, southern France, displays a discrete aragonite layer dated at around 1100 yr BP. The layer of fanning aragonite ray crystals is immediately preceded by calcite with Mg and Sr compositions that are uniquely high for the past 3 kyr. Trace element compositions close to the boundary between original aragonite and calcite are consistent with quasi‐equilibrium partitioning of trace elements between the phases. Study of modern dripwaters demonstrates that pronounced covariation of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in dripwater occurs owing to large amounts of calcite precipitation upflow of the drips that fed the stalagmites. Trace element to Ca ratios are enhanced during seasonally dry periods. Ion microprobe data demonstrate a pronounced covariation of trace elements, including Mg and Sr in calcite, and Sr, U and Ba in aragonite. The mean peak spacing is close to the long‐term mean of annual growth rates determined by differences in U‐series ages and so the trace element peaks are interpreted as annual. The trace element chemistry of the stalagmites on annual to inter‐annual scales thus directly reflects the amounts of prior calcite precipitation, interpreted as an index of aridity. The longer‐term context is a multi‐decadal period of aridity (1200–1100 yr BP) possibly correlated with an analogous episode in Central America. The arid period culminated in the nucleation of aragonite, but within a decade was followed by a return to precursor conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

花园口站年最大洪峰流量时间序列的HHT分析

Hilbert-Huang变换能够定量描述非线性、非平稳复杂时间序列的时频特性,较传统分析方法更具优势。通过对时间序列进行EMD分解,得到变化过程的内在模态函数和趋势项函数,而后对各内在模态函数进行Hilbert-Huang变换,从而揭示出时间序列的多时间尺度特征。以黄河花园口站1952-2009年的年最大洪峰流量时间序列为例,对其进行多时间尺度分析,得到不同波动周期的振荡分量及趋势分量,具体分析了各分量的变化特征。结果表明,花园口年最大洪峰流量变化过程中存在准3.2a、准6.4a、准11.8a和准31.0a周期的波动,其中准3.2a和准6.4a的周期波动是引起原序列波动的主要原因,近60年来花园口年最大洪峰流量变化呈递减趋势,由此揭示了年最大洪峰流量变化过程的多时间尺度特征。在此基础上,探讨了各波动分量变化的影响因素,其变化与大气低频振荡、ENSO、太阳活动及气候变迁等因素有关。     

Seasonal Prediction of the Global Precipitation Annual Modes with the Grid-Point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG

A right annual cycle is of critical importance for a model to improve its seasonal prediction skill. This work assesses the performance of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） in retrospective prediction of the global precipitation annual modes for the 1980 2004 period. The annual modes are gauged by a three-parameter metrics： the long-term annual mean and two major modes of annual cycle （AC）, namely, a solstitial mode and an equinoctial asymmetric mode. The results demonstrate that the GAMIL one-month lead prediction is basically able to capture the major patterns of the long-term annual mean as well as the first AC mode （the solstitial monsoon mode）. The GAMIL has deficiencies in reproducing the second AC mode （the equinoctial asymmetric mode）. The magnitude of the GAMIL prediction tends to be greater than the observed precipitation, especially in the sea areas including the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the western North Pacific （WNP）. These biases may be due to underestimation of the convective activity predicted in the tropics, especially over the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） and its neighboring areas. It is suggested that a more accurate parameterization of convection in the tropics, especially in the Maritime Continent, the WPWP and its neighboring areas, may be critical for reproducing the more realistic annual modes, since the enhancement of convective activity over the WPWP and its vicinity can induce suppressed convection over the WNP, the BOB, and the South Indian Ocean where the GAMIL produces falsely vigorous convections. More efforts are needed to improve the simulation not only in monsoon seasons but also in transitional seasons when the second AC mode takes place. Selection of the one-tier or coupled atmosphere-ocean system may also reduce the systematic error of the GAMIL prediction. These results offer some references for improvement of the GAMIL seasonal prediction skill.     

南、北半球环状模月内活动的主要时间尺度

基于“大气环状活动带” 的概念, 利用逐日再分析资料对南、 北半球环状模 (简称SAM、 NAM) 的季节活动特征及月内活动的主要时间尺度 (Submonthly timescales) 进行了研究, 结果表明, NAM具有冬季强、 夏季弱的年循环特征, 而SAM则表现出明显的准半年循环特征。并且, 逐年的功率谱分析进一步显示: NAM的月内活动的主要时间尺度以准1周和准2周为主, 且它们具有共生性, 准3周为相对次要的周期; 而SAM的月内活动周期与NAM相似, 准2周和准1周较强, 准3周次之。NAM和SAM的月内活动在不同特征时间尺度上的空间特征及其时间演变值得进一步研究。     

近48a台北市气温的小波分析

利用Morlet小波分析了1961—2008年台北市年平均气温序列的小波变化特征,揭示了气温变化的多时间尺度结构,结果表明:台北市年平均气温存在多时间尺度的周期变化特征,有3个明显的特征时间尺度,分别是4 a、6-8 a和14-16 a;除14-16 a的时间尺度在整个研究时段都很明显外,其他尺度的周期阶段性都较强;以14-16 a的特征时间尺度为主周期;台北市的气温变化还表现出突变的特点;近48 a来,台北市年平均气温的气候倾向率为0.3℃/10 a,气温升高的趋势十分明显;未来2年气温在总趋势上升的前提下将处在一个偏冷期。     

The annual period of the Earth’s seismic activity for 1964–2007

The catalog of the United States National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC, 2007) was used for a Fourier analysis of planetary seismic activity from 1964 to 2007 (401219 earthquakes with M ≥ 3 and hypocenter depths H ≥ 1 km) for the Northern Hemisphere (248291 events) and for the Southern Hemisphere (152928 events). The annual periodicity of weak earthquakes (M < 5.0) was verified with a high degree of reliability. All regularities (depending on the geographic latitude, hypocenter depths, and north-south asymmetry) revealed earlier (in 1964–1990) for this period are shown to exist for the period of 1964–2007.     

遥感反演和站点观测的地气温度分布特征差异

地表温度和近地表大气温度是地球系统、大气系统以及地—气相互作用物理过程的重要参量。在陆地—大气的相互作用过程中,水汽含量、NDVI指数、下垫面变化等因素会对地—气热量传输造成一定的影响。本文首先利用地表温度产品（MYD11A1）以及气温站点数据（GSOD）获得全国尺度下地表温度年最大值、近地面气温年最大值。在此基础上,使用趋势分析法分析2003年—2018年地、气温度年最大值时空分布特征及变化趋势,以及地—气温差气候倾向率变化趋势。最后,结合大气总水汽含量产品（MYD05）、NDVI指数（MYD13A3）、二氧化碳平均浓度增长率分析导致地表温度年最大值与近地面气温年最大值趋势发生变化的原因。研究结果表明：（1）在全国尺度下,2003年—2018年地表温度年最大值呈现北高南低的空间分布特征。近地面气温年最大值的空间分布与地表温度年最大值相反。大气总水汽含量年最大值在热带、亚热带季风气候区内总体较高。水汽含量既影响近地面气温的大小,同时也受到近地面气温的影响,因此,水汽含量年最大值与近地面气温年最大值表现出一定的空间分布一致性特征。（2）在2003年—2018年期间,地表温度年最大值的气候倾向率在空间上表现出北高南低的分布特征。近地面气温年最大值的气候倾向率在空间上也表现为北高南低,与地表温度年最大值的气候倾向率变化基本一致。但地表温度年最大值的变化幅度要大于近地面气温年最大值,并且在个别区域表现不一致。主要分布在天山地区、三江平原以及秦岭南侧地区,地—气年最大值变化趋势相反即地—气差减小。（3）大气总水汽含量年最大值的增加可造成近地面气温年最大值的增加,而植被覆盖度的上升可造成地表温度年最大值下降。但在天山地区大气总水汽含量与地—气差的响应不明显,但天山地区的近地面气温年最大值与CO₂平均浓度增长率的关系较为明显。（4）遥感数据反演的地表温度年最大值和站点观测的近地面气温年最大值空间分布表现出差异,但时间变化趋势基本一致。