典型城市河道氮、磷自净能力影响因素

以典型城市河道(苏州官渎花园内河)为研究对象,通过室内和室外模拟实验,研究不同污染物浓度、流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用和温度对氮、磷自净能力的影响,结果表明:水体中氮、磷的自净作用受污染物浓度、流速、溶解氧浓度、温度和微生物等多种因素的影响.随着污染物浓度的增加,氨氮和硝态氮降解速率增加,而底泥中磷的总体吸附速率却增大.与静止水体相比,模拟河道通过增加流速、曝气复氧、渗滤作用能增强水体氮磷的自净能力,提高氮、磷降解速率.其中,改变流速后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为17.05%和34.85%;曝气复氧后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为8.35%和59.33%;增加微生物量(渗滤作用)后自净参数氨氮和总磷增量分别为50.00%和23.01%.自然条件下,随着温度的上升,氨氮和总氮的降解系数逐渐增大,总磷的降解系数逐渐减小.     

Metabolism of polychaete Neanthes japonica Izuka： relations to temperature, salinity and body weight

Polychaete Neanthes japonica is a species geographically specific in China and Japan with important scientific implication and commercial value. In this study, the relations of body weight, salinity and temperature to oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were determined. Three different groups in body weight (large: 2.34±0.36 g, middle: 1.50±0.21 g and small: 0.62±0.12 g) were set for all experiments. Results show that the body weight is negatively related to the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion; and the relationship is significant. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion at 24°C decreased at salinity from 5 to 30 and increased above 30, indicating that both lower and higher salinity are adverse and certain degree of salinity stress is necessary for enhancing the energy demand. At salinity 30, rising temperature from 18°C to 30°C, the oxygen consumption increased before 27°C and then decreased. However, the relation of ammonia excretion and temperature seems more complex. Two-way ANOVA shows that salinity, temperature and body weight all have a significant effect on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the worm. Moreover, interaction between salinity/temperature and body weight is also significant. O:N (oxygen/nitrogen) ratio varies greatly in this case from 5.97 to 463.22, indicating that N. japonica can regulate the type of metabolic substrate against environment changes. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30490233) and the Three-Gorge Project and the Estuarine Environment (No. SX2004-018) from the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee     

Nitrogenous compounds changes in emersed oysters: Crassostrea gigas

The effects of emersing oysters (Crassostrea gigas) for up to 66 h at 4 °C under humid air and nitrogen atmospheres were studied. A significant, gradual body mass loss occurred under nitrogen (8.36 ± 0.85% final weight loss) but no significant loss occurred under humid air (4.92 ± 2.67% final weight loss). Emersion duration and the mantle cavity fluid (MCF) total ammonia (TA) concentration showed a positive, linear relationship (r² = 0.73 and 0.74 under humid air and N₂, respectively). The MCF TA and trimethylamine (TMA) contents were also positively related (r² = 0.64 and 0.69 under humid air and N₂, respectively).     

浅色黄姑鱼幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点的初步研究

呼吸和排泄是鱼类代谢活动的重要特征,是鱼类生物能量学研究的重要内容之一,对于评估鱼类在水生态系统中的作用、物质循环、能量流动以及养殖容量等具有十分重要的意义。通过了解耗氧率和排氨率与各种因素的相互关系及变化规律可以了解鱼体的代谢水平和活动规律等,可为鱼类的养殖生产、新品种培育、移植驯化、养殖水体水质调控和活体运输等提供科学依据。有关鱼类耗氧率的研究,国内已有许多文献[1-11],但关于排氨率的研究相对较少,目前已见有牙鲆、犬齿牙鲆、大西洋鲆等种类的报道[12-14]。     

盐度对方斑东风螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究盐度对方斑东风螺Babylonia areolata耗氧率和排氨率的影响。根据方斑东风螺个体大小设立A、B、C(壳高分别为6.86±0.24、4.75±0.37、3.15±0.12cm,软体部干重分别为11.064±0.361、4.245±0.690、2.015±0.122 g)3组,盐度设13、18、23、28、33等5个梯度,实验水温为27—28℃。结果表明:(1)盐度、个体大小对方斑东风螺的耗氧率有显著的影响(p<0.01)。盐度在13—28之间时,3组方斑东风螺的耗氧率都随盐度的升高而增加;当盐度升至33时,耗氧率下降。方斑东风螺的软体部干重(W)与单位体重耗氧率(O)之间的关系符合幂函数方程O=aWb,其中a值的范围为1.365 5—3.072 2,平均值是2.236 8,b值的范围为-0.195 2—-0.093 6,平均值为-0.130 6。(2)盐度、个体大小以及二者的交互作用均对方斑东风螺的排氨率有显著的影响(p<0.01)。盐度在13—28之间时,3组方斑东风螺的排氨率随着盐度的升高而增加;当盐度升至33时,排氨率下降。方斑东风螺的软体部干重(W)与单位体重排氨率(N)之间的关系也符合幂函数方程N=c Wd,其中c值的范围为261.769 4—360.427 9,平均值为320.643 4,d值的范围是-0.325 3—-0.189 0,平均值是-0.248 5。(3)单位体重耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(S)、软体部干重(W)的二元线性回归方程分别为:O=1.208-0.039W+0.039S(R=0.578,F=10.517,显著性概率=0.000)、N=-210.442-9.255W+2.965S(R=0.813,F=40.834,显著性概率=0.000)。     

Tolerance of ciliated protozoan Paramecium bursaria (Protozoa, Ciliophora) to ammonia and nitrites

1 INTRODUCTION Ammonia and nitrites are common pollutants in waters used for intensive aquiculture, and are harmful to cultured animals and their larvae when present in sufficiently high concentrations (Zhou, 1991). Ammonia in water is usually derived from animal excretion and catabolism of organic materi- als. It occurs in un-ionized and ionized forms. Un-ionized ammonia can pass through cell mem- brane and is harmful to the cells due to its fat-soluble feature (Chen, 2000; Chin, 2001).…     

A sensor package for the simultaneous determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in seawater by fluorescence detection

A fluorescence-based chemistry has been developed for the detection of nitrite and nitrate (as excess nitrite following reduction of nitrate to nitrite). Detection limits are 4.6 and 6.9 nM, respectively. The technique capitalizes on the triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms within the diazonium ion formed via the well-known reaction between an acidified nitrite sample and an aromatic primary amine. Fluorescence of π-electrons within this bond allows this reaction to be probed with standard fluorescence spectroscopy. Reverse Flow Injection Analysis (rFIA) is used to correct for background fluorescence from leachates and naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Comparisons of samples analyzed for nitrite with this technique and with a highly-sensitive chemiluminescent method [Braman, R.S., Hendrix, S.A., 1989. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Chemistry, 61 (24) 2716–2718] showed excellent agreement between the two methods (slope=0.9996 and r²=0.9956). These fluorescent nitrite and nitrate + nitrite chemistries were coupled in a sensor package with a modified version of a fluorescent ammonia chemistry [Jones, R.D., 1991. An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonia in natural waters, Limnology and Oceanography. 36(4) 814–819], which also has a nanomolar detection limit. The throughput rate of the fully automated three-channel instrumentation is 18 samples per hour. A field experiment demonstrated the capability of the nutrient sensor package to determine horizontal gradients in nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in oligotrophic surface waters.     

盐度和规格对波纹巴非蛤Paphia undulate耗氧率和排氨率的影响

2007年3月,将采集于湛江雷州的波纹巴非蛤Paphia undulate,根据其个体大小分为A组和B组,外壳长度分别为(4.51±0.17)cm和(3.69±0.11) cm,并采用Winkler碘量法和次溴酸盐氧化法分别测定了其单位质量的耗氧率、排氨率及其氧氮比(O∶N),研究了盐度和规格对波纹巴非蛤代谢的影响.实...     

竹环填料生物滤器在两种海水鱼养殖废水处理中的运行效果及微生物群落分析

以点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricas)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)养殖排放水为处理对象,在生产现场研究了竹环填料生物滤器处理高盐度、低氨氮负荷海水养殖废水的运行效果以及挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段微生物群落变化规律。结果表明,点带石斑鱼养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.93～1.33 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到27%～39%,挂膜时间需45 d;半滑舌鳎养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.38～0.52 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到20%～30%,挂膜时间需65 d。另外,对生物滤器挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段的氨氧化细菌数量和亚硝酸氧化细菌数量进行了统计,氨氧化细菌的数量在点带石斑鱼和半滑舌鳎养殖排放水处理系统中分别达到104～105 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,亚硝酸氧化细菌数量则分别达到104 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,并分析了温度、进水氨氮负荷、反硝化作用对半滑舌鳎养殖废水生物滤器亚硝酸盐积累现象的影响。