Physical and dynamical properties of a low-mass star-forming region

Eleven low-mass cores are found in the Orion Molecular Cloud 2 from VLA observations of the line emission of NH₃ (1,1). They are perhaps clumps prior to gravitatonal collapse with average radius of 0.03 pc and mass of 3.5 M, distributed along the central axes of filaments in the NS direction. We find a velocity gradient of 5 km s⁻¹ pc⁻¹ in the declination direction within a 3′ region. Based on our NH₃(1,1) observations and compared with dust continuum emission at millimilion wavelength as well as in the infrared, we suggest that most of these dense cores are probably protosteller condensations, not yet containing stellar cores, but are self-gravitating systems in thermodynamical equilibrium.     

Seasonal variation of gaseous HNO3 and NH3 at a Tropical Savannah site

Gaseous nitric acid and ammonia were sampled with annular denuders at a forest savannah site from April to December 1987. The analysis of the extract was made spectrophotometrically and by a selective electrode for NO₃ ^– and NH₄ ⁺, respectively. Higher concentrations were observed during the vegetation burning period at the end of the dry season. In the studied savannah area, large soil emissions of NO occur during the rainy season, although very low concentrations of HNO₃ (0.035 ppb) and also of particulate NO₃ ^– (0.43 g m^-3) were observed; it is likely that NO_x are lost by fast vertical transport to the upper troposphere. During the nonburning period, the average concentration of NH₃ was 2.7 ppb, which is much lower than values given in the literature for the tropical America atmosphere. The concentrations of HNO₃ and NH₃ were always below the values needed to produce ammonium nitrate aerosols.     

Global prioritisation of renewable nitrogen for biodiversity conservation and food security

The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen (N) production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food, impacting biodiversity. Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process, and the organic options such as green manures, marine algae and aquatic azolla. Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N, with using a tenth as much land as wind energy, and at least 100th as much land as organic sources of N. In this paper, we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale, or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland, based on global resource and impact datasets. This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas, central southern Africa, eastern Asia and southern Australia, with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes. Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations. In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income, green manures could be used, however, due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option. Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power. If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future, and our energy supply more generally, a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.     

硼溶液蒸发过程中硼的挥发及硼同位素分馏

用蒸发实验研究了浓度为10-6级的硼在水和稀HCl溶液蒸发时的挥发度、同位素分馏和甘露醇的影响。结果表明，在溶液中有等摩尔的甘露醇和Cs都存在的条件下，硼才能在蒸发时和蒸干后保持定量回收；硼在不加入甘露醇或Cs的稀HCl溶液中蒸发时也能定量回收，但是不能蒸干；若要蒸干．必须加入等摩尔的甘露醇，才能保持硼的定量回收。蒸发液和残留液的同位素测定表明，11B仇先从近中性和酸性溶液的蒸发中贫化。此结果对于硼需要预富集的过程是非常重要的。     

On the scavenging of gaseous nitrogen compounds by large and small rain drops I. A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the uptake and desorption of NH3 in the presence of CO2

An experimental study has been carried out in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel to determine the rate at which NH₃ in the presence of CO₂ is absorbed by freely suspended water drops. The experimental uptake rates were found to be in good agreement with the rates predicted by the Kronig-Brink convective diffusion model and, for gas concentrations in the ppbv range also by the model in which it is assumed that the absorbed gas is well mixed inside the drop (henceforth called well mixed model). The same conclusion was shown to apply also to the desorption of NH₃ from a drop previously exposed to NH₃. The latter result is in contrast to the desorption of SO₂ which must be described by a model which accounts for the diffusion of the species inside the drop. Comparison of our experimental results with theory show further that the uptake of NH₃ in presence of CO₂ is significantly overestimated if the slow reaction CO_2(aq)+H₂OHCO ₃ ^– +H⁺ is neglected in the theoretical computation.     

On the scavenging of gaseous nitrogen compounds by large and small rain drops: II. Wind tunnel and theoretical studies of the simultaneous uptake of NH3, SO2 and CO2 by water drops

An experimental investigation of the simultaneous absorption of NH₃ and SO₂ from the ambient atmosphere by freely falling water drops has been carried out in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the results derived from computations with the Kronig-Brink convective diffusion model and also with a model which assumes a drop to be well mixed at all times. Encouraged by this agreement, these computation schemes for the uptake of gas by single drops where incorporated in a pollution washout model with realistic SO₂, NH₃ and CO₂ gas profiles. This model allows an entire raindrop size distribution to fall through a gas layer. The results of this plume-model show that the SO₂ uptake is strongly dependent on the NH₃ concentration in the atmosphere and on the rainrate. We also find that the small drops contribute more towards the washout of these gases. In the case of simultaneous presence of NH₃ and SO₂, desorption of these gases is negligible.     

不同盐度条件下亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨对花鲈幼鱼的毒性实验

在水温为25～31℃、p H 7.70~8.17、溶解氧≥5.0mg/L、自然光照的条件下,作者采用半静水法研究了亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨在不同盐度条件下对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼(50.33 g±4.35 g)的急性毒性、半致死量浓度、安全质量浓度及不同盐度条件下氨氮胁迫对花鲈幼鱼耗氧率与排氨率的影响。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼在盐度0、10、20时,亚硝酸盐安全浓度分别为16.357、52.540、58.622 mg/L,总氨氮安全浓度分别为0.794、4.625、5.163 mg/L,非离子氨安全浓度分别为0.584、2.313、1.951 mg/L。实验结果说明,盐度和氨氮联合胁迫对花鲈幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响,盐度10时耗氧率和排氨率最低。     

我国氨氮海水质量基准的探讨

我国现行的氨氮海水质量标准参照国外基准与标准制定,未考虑是否能够有效保护中国海洋物种,科学性欠缺。对我国海水氨氮质量基准进行研究,采用美国EPA推荐的物种敏感度排序(SSR)技术,结合美国海水氨氮水质基准数学模型,搜集利用我国15种海水水生生物的非离子氨毒性数据,根据非离子氨氮和总氨氮转换公式,得出水体在不同pH值、温度和盐度条件下的总氨氮水质基准在pH为7.0~9.0、温度为0~30℃的范围内,盐度为10时,基准最大浓度(CMC)和基准连续浓度(CCC)的范围分别为0.089~57.141 mg/L与0.007~4.365 mg/L;盐度为20时,CMC和CCC的范围分别为0.092~61.152 mg/L与0.007~4.671 mg/L;盐度为30时,CMC和CCC的范围分别为0.095~65.446 mg/L与0.007~4.999 mg/L;3个环境因子,对CCC和CMC的影响程度由大到小依次为:pH、温度、盐度。相对于美国,我国急性基准的取值区间收缩了5倍,慢性基准的取值区间收缩了10倍。研究结果认为,现行的非离子氨数值应修正为0.007 mg/L才能有效保护我国海洋生物,同时建议使用总氨氮的基准来管理海水中氨氮变化。为修订我国氨氮海水质量标准提供了科学依据。     

盐度和pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率和氨氮排泄率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同盐度及pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响．结果表明，不同盐度对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05），盐度11～26，鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率逐步上升，26时达到峰值后呈下降趋势；pH值对耗氧率无显著影响（P〉0．05），pH6．5～9．0鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率变化幅度很小，在此范围内pH值的变化对鮸鱼幼鱼氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05）．O：N比值也随着盐度升高而升高，26时达到峰值，随后下降；pH8．0时，O：N比值最低；不同盐度和pH下鮸鱼幼鱼平均O：N分别为24．258，22．378．鮸鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源，脂肪和碳水化合物其次．     

酒泉东盆地地下水“三氮”分布特征及健康风险分析

为探讨河西走廊地下水“三氮”的污染现状和个人健康风险。本文以酒泉东盆地为例,通过数据统计、空间分布趋势、污染源和影响因素分析的手段,从“三氮”分布、迁移和影响因素及其健康风险评价进行研究。结果表明：在其独特的地形地貌、氧化还原环境、包气带和含水层岩性、潜水的埋深、酸碱环境和地下径流条件等自然因素以及生态环境的破坏和城市化的发展等人为因素影响下,研究区地下水“三氮”总体含量较低,污染相对较轻,仅有一处NO₃^--N含量超过标准限值;区域分布上,“三氮”含量具有明显的北高南低的规律,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N含量东、西两侧高,中间低,NH₄⁺-N含量由西北向东南逐渐减少。“三氮”个人年健康风险的整体分布趋势基本一致,由西部人口密集区域向东部人口非密集区域逐渐递减。