Henry's law and the behavior of weak acids and bases in fog and cloud

Experimental data from two field experiments on ground based clouds were used to study the distribution of formic acid, acetic acid, ammonia and S(IV) species between liquid and gas phase. The ratio of the concentrations of these compounds between the phases during concurrent measurements was compared to ratios expected according to Henry's law (considering the pH influence). Large discrepancies of several orders of magnitude were seen. Three hypotheses have been investigated to explain the observed discrepancies: The existence of a microscale equilibrium which does not persist in a bulk sample, a thermodynamic shift of the equilibrium due to competing reactions, and nonequilibrium conditions due to mass transfer limitations. Approximate quantitative calculations show that none of these hypotheses is sufficient to explain all of the discrepancies, so a combination of different effects seems to be responsible for this observation. The same theoretical considerations also suggest that mass transfer limitation may be an important factor for highly soluble compounds. The data presented here indicates that it is not possible to simply extrapolate interstitial gas phase composition from measured bulk liquid phase concentrations of a fog or cloud.Notation [r _max] liquid phase molar uptake rate (mol l^–1 s^–1) - [A _g ] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) - [A _l ] concentration ofA in liquid phase (mol l^–1) - [A _g , 0] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) at time 0 - LWC liquid water content (g m^–3) - R universal gas constant (0.082 l atm mol^–1 K^–1 - D _g diffusivity (for all gases 0.1 cm² s^–1 was used) - K _H ^* effective Henry's law coefficient (mol l^–1 atm^–1) - t _f lifetime of fog droplet (s) - a droplet radius (cm) - accommodation coefficient - R factor of discrepancy - T temperature (K) - v mean molecular speed (cm s^–1) formic acid: 35 000 acetic acid: 31 000 ammonia: 58 000     

利用氨吸附漫反射红外光谱法探测蒙脱石的固体酸性

用氨吸附漫反射红外光谱学方法,借助图谱拟合解谱手段,探测了不同预处理温度下蒙脱石表面酸性变化特征,并分析了其变化原因。结果表明,低温热处理后的蒙脱石,其B酸和L酸量增大;经较高温度(400、600℃)煅烧的样品,层间距急剧减小,氨分子难以进入层间与酸位发生反应,可探测到的两种酸量都将减少。     

稀氨水密封溶解—电感耦合等离子体质谱测定土壤沉积物及生物样品中的碘溴

介绍了一个适合于电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定土壤、沉积物和生物样品中碘、溴的快速简单的样品前处理方法。样品在φ(NH3·H2O)=10%的水溶液中,于190℃下密封分解18h,溶液适当稀释后放置澄清,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定溶液中的碘、溴。选用126Te作为内标,补偿基体效应和仪器漂移对分析结果的影响。碘、溴的方法检出限(10σ,DF=100)分别为0.01μg/g、0.04μg/g。用土壤、水系沉积物以及头发等标准物质验证了方法的准确度及精密度,绝大多数样品分析结果在标准值的允许误差范围内。对国家一级标准物质10次测定的RSD为2.0%～8.6%。但方法分析岩石样品结果偏低,不适用于岩石样品的分析。     

地下水三氮污染的研究进展

在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,综述了三氮污染的产生、危害及地下水污染现状,三氮污染的分析测试方法、三氮迁移转化过程和模型的研究,以及地下水三氮污染防治研究的现状.提出了今后的研究方向,应从控制三氮污染源入手,加强包气带-饱和带的三氮耦合研究,加强深层地下水和高浓度三氮污染的研究.同时,要提高三氮污染的野外监测水平和三氮污染的治理技术研究.     

氨氮急性胁迫对许氏平鲉血液生化指标影响

采用96 h半静态毒性实验，研究了许氏平鲉幼鱼的氨氮耐受性和氨氮胁迫下血液生化指标的变化规律。结果表明，在水温（18.6±0.5）℃，pH 7.85，盐度30和溶氧（8.6±0.5） mg/L的条件下，平均体质量（63.60±10.14） g、平均全长（15.90±3.29） cm的许氏平鲉幼鱼总氨（TAN）和非离子氨（NH₃-N）96 h的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为18.01 mg/L和0.27 mg/L，安全浓度（SC）分别为1.80 mg/L和0.03 mg/L。设定TAN为0、3.5、10和20 mg/L 4个浓度梯度，对同等规格苗种进行96 h急性胁迫实验，血液生化指标的双因素方差分析表明：氨氮浓度、暴露时间及两者交互作用对血浆血糖（GLU）、血氨（PA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和谷草转氨酶（AST）含量/活性存在显著影响，两者交互作用对血浆皮质醇（Cor）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量/活性无显著影响，暴露时间对血浆胆固醇（TCH）无显著影响；其中，血浆GLU、GSH、AKP随处理时间延长呈先升后降趋势，随氨氮浓度升高响应时间提前；PA浓度与环境TAN浓度正相关。相关研究结果可为许氏平鲉幼鱼的养殖管理和苗种运输提供指导，血浆GLU、GSH、PA和AKP可作为许氏平鲉氨氮胁迫的敏感指标。     

酸溶分解-电感耦合等离子体质谱内标法测定地质样品中的痕量银

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地质样品中的痕量银时,Zr、Nb、Mo的氧化物以及氢氧化物对银的两个质量数107 Ag和109 Ag造成严重的质谱重叠干扰,导致结果有明显的偏差.针对此问题,本文基于107 Ag的质谱干扰相对单一,只有90 Zr16 OH+和91 Zr16 O+对107 Ag产生干扰,在I...