氨水提取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定海洋沉积物中的氯

氯的电离能高,在等离子体中难于解离,通常的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)光路不能彻底地将空气排出,使得氯的光波被强烈吸收,很难找出相应的特征谱线因而无法准确测定地质样品中的氯。本文对海洋沉积物样品用10%的氨水在超声振荡器中振荡30 min,即可完全提取其中的氯,用ICP-AES测定,选择分析谱线为725.670 nm,方法检出限为50 μg/g(10σ,稀释因子=100)。用海洋沉积物标准物质GBW 07313、GBW 07315、GBW 07316验证,方法精密度(RSD,n=7)为4.3%~8.6%,测定值与标准值的相对误差为2.9%~4.9%。方法简单快速,准确度高,实现了地质样品中氯的准确测定,能够满足海洋地球化学研究的需要。     

Protein‐like fluorescence intensity as a possible tool for determining river water quality

The results of a comparison between chemical water quality determinants and river water fluorescence on the River Tyne, NE England, demonstrate that tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity shows statistically significant relationships between nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen. Tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity at the 280 nm excitation/350 nm emission wavelength fluorescence centre correlates with both phosphate (r = 0·80) and nitrate (r = 0·87), whereas tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity at the 220 nm excitation/350 nm emission wavelength centre correlates with BOD (r = 0·85), ammonia (r = 0·70) and dissolved oxygen (r = ?0·65). The strongest correlations are between tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity and nitrate and phosphate, which in the Tyne catchment derive predominantly from point and diffuse source sewage inputs. The correlation between BOD and the tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity suggests that this fluorescence centre is related to the bioavailable or labile dissolved organic matter pool. The weakest correlations are observed between tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity and ammonia concentration and dissolved oxygen. The weaker correlation with ammonia is due to removal of the ammonia signal by wastewater treatment, and that with dissolved oxygen due to the natural aeration of the river such that this is not a good indicator of water quality. The observed correlations only hold true when treated sewage, sewerage overflows or cross connections, or agricultural organic pollutants dominate the water quality—this is not true for two sites where airport deicer (propylene glycol, which is non‐fluorescent) or landfill leachate (which contains high concentrations of humic and fulvic‐like fluorescent DOM) dominate the dissolved organic matter in the river. Mean annual tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity agrees well with the General Water Quality Assessment as determined by the England and Wales environmental regulators, the Environment Agency. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氨氮对文蛤存活及能量收支的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了氨氮(NH3-N)对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)的急性毒性作用以及对其能量收支的影响。实验结果表明:在水温(24.5±0.5)℃,盐度21.5,pH8.00的条件下,文蛤(壳长3.85～4.35cm)死亡率随着氨氮质量浓度、胁迫时间的增加而增加(P0.05)。96 h文蛤死亡率与添加氨氮(NH3-Nt)质量浓度对数的回归方程为Y=2.3787x+0.3246(R2=0.978 9),文蛤对总氨氮(NH3-Nt)或分子氨(NH3-Nm)的安全浓度(SC96h)为9.237 mg/L或0.418 mg/L;随着环境中添加氨氮(NH3-Nt)质量浓度的不断上升(0,0.5,1,2,4,9,18,36 mg/L),文蛤摄食能不断下降,呼吸能和排泄能则呈现出先升高后降低的趋势;当总氨氮(NH3-Nt)在0～2 mg/L(或NH3-Nm≤0.090 mg/L)时,文蛤的生长余力没有显著变化(P﹥0.05);当总氨氮(NH3-Nt)≥4 mg/L(或NH3-Nm≥0.181mg/L)时,文蛤的生长余力显著降低(P0.05)。因此,文蛤养殖环境中的NH3-Nt或NH3-Nm应控制在2mg/L或0.090 mg/L以下水平。     

饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.实验饥饿的时间分别为1,3,5,7,10,13,20,27,35 d.实验结果表明,饥饿对3种不同规格的文蛤耗氧率和排氨率都有极其显著的影响(P<0.01).3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～7 d时,耗氧率随着时间的延长而增大;饥饿7 d以后,耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降.3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～10 d时,排氨率随着时间的延长而增大;在饥饿10 d以后,耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降.在实验周期内,大、中、小3种不同规格的文蛤的O/N值分别为15.05～36.12(平均23.69),15.6～37.56(平均24.73),17.44～47.25(平均27.17).     

Metabolism of polychaete Neanthes japonica Izuka: relations to temperature, salinity and body weight

Polychaete Neanthesjaponica is a species geographically specific in China and Japan with important scientific implication and commercial value. In this study, the relations of body weight, salinity and temperature to oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were determined. Threedifferent groups in body weight (large: 2.34±0.36 g, middle: 1.50±0.21 g and small: 0.62±0.12 g) were set for all experiments. Results show that the body weight is negatively related to the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion; and the relationship is significant. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion at 24℃ decreased at salinity from 5 to 30 and increased above 30, indicating that both lower and higher salinity are adverse and certain degree of salinity stress is necessary for enhancing the energy demand. At salinity 30, rising temperature from 18℃ to 30℃, the oxygen consumption increased before 27℃ and then decreased. However, the relation of ammonia excretion and temperature seems more complex. Two-way ANOVA shows that salinity, temperature and body weight all have a significant effect on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the worm. Moreover, interaction between salinity/temperature and body weight is also significant. O:N (oxygen/nitrogen) ratio varies greatly in this case from 5.97 to 463.22, indicating that N. japonica can regulate the type of metabolic substrate against environment changes.     

一个概念性水文模型的参数区域化研究:以东江流域为例

氮是引发湖泊富营养化的重要元素之一,湖泊外源和内源氮的去除对湖泊富营养化的控制非常关键,其中填料对氨氮的去除是湖泊外源控制的重要途径．研究了4种填料（天然沸石、陶粒、蛭石和土壤）对氨氮的吸附行为、填料去除氨氮的主要途径以及溶液中pH值和温度对氨氮去除率的影响．结果表明沸石对氨氮的吸附效果明显,蛭石次之,土壤与陶粒效果较差．沸石去除氨氮的途径以离子交换作用为主,物理吸附作用很小;陶粒、土壤和蛭石3种填料的离子交换作用和物理吸附作用的效果相当4种填料的吸附量在温度为15-35℃内均随温度的升高而减小,在pH值为3—9范围内随pH值升高而增大,振荡6h均达到吸附平衡。     

南极典型海洋动物粪氨气挥发过程的实验模拟研究

南极海洋动物粪氨(NH3)的挥发与沉降过程是无冰区苔原生态系统氮素重要来源,对维持苔原生态系统的稳定起着重要作用;但目前对于南极典型海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程仍然很少有研究报道。本文通过室内模拟,研究了低温(4℃左右)与冻融条件下南极帝企鹅粪、阿德利企鹅粪和海豹粪土氨气产生与排放过程及其影响因素,结果表明:帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量最大,变化范围为0.765-17.4mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为6.26mg·kg-1·h-1;阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放通量变化范围为0.652-3.707mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为1.27mg·kg-1·h-1;而海豹粪土氨气排放通量很小,平均通量约0.141mg·kg-1·h-1。冻融过程对帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量影响很大,而对阿德利企鹅粪影响较小。另外,帝企鹅粪和阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放量在通气条件下明显大于封闭条件,表明南极野外大风条件下可能加速海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程。本文模拟的结果对于进一步研究南极生物圈氨的挥发过程及其对南极苔原生态系统氮循环的影响具有重要意义。     

牛磺酸和甲硫氨酸亚砜亚胺对高血氨症大弹涂鱼氧化应激和炎症反应相关基因影响的比较研究

为了查明氨中毒对大弹涂鱼的影响,以及牛磺酸和甲硫氨酸亚砜亚胺对鱼类高血氨症的缓释作用,本研究设置了4个处理组:组1腹腔注射氯化钠,组2腹腔注射醋酸铵,组3腹腔注射牛磺酸和醋酸铵,组4腹腔注射甲硫氨酸亚砜亚胺和醋酸铵。实验持续96h。结果发现,组2实验鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶基因的mRNA表达量显著最高,其次是组1,而组3和组4显著最低。同样,组2实验鱼肝脏中白细胞介素6(IL6)和IL 8显着高于其他组。肿瘤坏死因子基因的mRNA表达量,组1显著高于其他组,而IL 1基因的mRNA表达量,组4显著最高。结果表明:氨氮毒性能够影响鱼体内抗氧化酶系统及免疫应答,导致氧化损伤和炎症反应;外源性牛磺酸能够缓解鱼类高血氨症带来的负面影响;甲硫氨酸亚砜亚胺尽管能够缓解自由基造成的氧化损伤,但对炎症反应并未发挥有效的作用。     

氨氮胁迫对方斑东风螺六种免疫酶活性的影响

本文研究了氨氮对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)的急性毒性及不同浓度的氨氮溶液(22、47.5、102和220 mg/L)对其体内六种免疫酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮浓度越大,其毒性作用越强,方斑东风螺死亡率越高;500mg/L氨氮处理组于24h便出现(20.3±2.1)%死亡率,并且96h后存活率降为0。而相同条件下,随试验时间的延长,方斑东风螺死亡率也越高。氨氮浓度和处理时间均对方斑东风螺免疫酶活力有显著的影响(P 0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组CAT和AKP活性均表现出"诱导-抑制"的趋势, ACP和T-SOD活性表现出"抑制-诱导"的趋势, CSH-PX活性呈现"诱导-抑制-诱导"的趋势,而氨氮对处理个体POD活性的影响整体表现为抑制作用。可见,养殖水体中的氨氮会对方斑东风螺免疫酶活性产生较大的影响。本研究从生态现象和生理指标相结合的方式阐述了氨氮对方斑东风螺个体的致毒特性,将对方斑东风螺的养殖具有实用意义,同时丰富了氨氮对贝类毒理实验免疫性能层面的基础数据,并为其他贝类氨氮胁迫实验提供参考。     

氨氮、温度和体重对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的影响

采用封闭流水式实验方法,研究了氨氮、温度和体重对大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)耗氧率、窒息点的影响。结果表明:在设定的总氨氮浓度0—8.61mg/L范围,随着氨氮浓度增加,大口黑鲈幼鱼耗氧率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,峰值为0.338mg/(g·h),窒息点随着氨氮浓度的增加而递增,影响显著(P0.05);在13—33°C的实验温度范围,随着温度升高,耗氧率先增加,在29°C时达到峰值0.392mg/(g·h),随后出现下降。在体重6.66—15.87g范围,耗氧率随着体重的增加而下降,最低值为0.112mg/(g·h);耗氧率存在明显的昼夜节律变化,夜均0.214mg/(g·h)日均0.199mg/(g·h),二者差异显著(P0.05),并在2:00—6:00和18:00—20:00时间段出现两个峰值。