Resolving impact volatilization and condensation from target rock mixing and hydrothermal overprinting within the Chicxulub impact structure

This work presents isotopic data for the non-traditional isotope systems Fe, Cu, and Zn on a set of Chicxulub impactites and target lithologies with the aim of better documenting the dynamic processes taking place during hypervelocity impact events, as well as those affecting impact structures during the post-impact phase. The focus lies on material from the recent IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Hole M0077A drill core obtained from the offshore Chicxulub peak ring. Two ejecta blanket samples from the UNAM 5 and 7 cores were used to compare the crater lithologies with those outside of the impact structure. The datasets of bulk Fe, Cu, and Zn isotope ratios are coupled with petrographic observations and bulk major and trace element compositions to disentangle equilibrium isotope fractionation effects from kinetic processes. The observed Fe and Cu isotopic signatures, with δ^56/54Fe ranging from ?0.95‰ to 0.58‰ and δ^65/63Cu from ?0.73‰ to 0.14‰, mostly reflect felsic, mafic, and carbonate target lithology mixing and secondary sulfide mineral formation, the latter associated to the extensive and long-lived (>10⁵ years) hydrothermal system within Chicxulub structure. On the other hand, the stable Zn isotope ratios provide evidence for volatility-governed isotopic fractionation. The heavier Zn isotopic compositions observed for the uppermost part of the impactite sequence and a metamorphic clast (δ^66/64Zn of up to 0.80‰ and 0.87‰, respectively) relative to most basement lithologies and impact melt rock units indicate partial vaporization of Zn, comparable to what has been observed for Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer sediments around the world, as well as for tektites from various strewn fields. In contrast to previous work, our data indicate that an isotopically light Zn reservoir (δ^66/64Zn down to ?0.49‰), of which the existence has previously been suggested based on mass balance considerations, may reside within the upper impact melt rock (UIM) unit. This observation is restricted to a few UIM samples only and cannot be extended to other target or impact melt rock units. Light isotopic signatures of moderately volatile elements in tektites and microtektites have previously been linked to (back-)condensation under distinct kinetic regimes. Although some of the signatures observed may have been partially overprinted during post-impact processes, our bulk data confirm impact volatilization and condensation of Zn, which may be even more pronounced at the microscale, with variable degrees of mixing between isotopically distinct reservoirs, not only at proximal to distal ejecta sites, but also within the lithologies associated with the Chicxulub impact crater.     

氨水分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化探样品中的银

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定化探样品中的Ag时,两个同位素107Ag和109Ag分别受90Zr16O1H、91Zr16O和92Zr16O1H、93Nb16O等的干扰,即使采用干扰系数法校正,测定结果误差仍较大。本文采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸封闭分解样品,氨水沉淀分离干扰元素Zr后以103Rh为内标用ICP-MS测定,溶液中残留Zr对107Ag的测定干扰采用干扰系数法进行校正。方法检出限(3σ)为4.1 ng/g,相对标准偏差(n=12)为2.5%~7.8%。经53个地球化学标准物质验证,溶液中的Ag未见损失。本方法是在氨性介质中Ag与氨形成稳定的络合离子,而Zr则生成氢氧化物沉淀,实现了Ag和Zr的分离,大大减小了Zr对Ag的测定干扰;采用封闭分解样品,减少用酸量,降低了样品空白值,操作方法比高压密闭分解和P507萃淋树脂分离方法更简便快速。     

贾鲁河中牟段河岸带地下水流及水质特征研究

该文以河南省贾鲁河中牟段为研究区,探究贾鲁河与河岸带浅层地下水的补排关系以及河水对浅层地下水的影响。通 过野外地质调查、水文地质试验、水位监测及水质检测,分析河岸带地表水与地下水的补排关系及污染特征。结果表明,受 中牟县抽取地下水的影响,该河段周围浅层地下水位低于河水位,河流补给地下水,平均单宽补给量为2.04 m2·d-1;河水中 NH3和COD污染较为严重,地下水中“三氮”均超标,其中NO2和NH3污染严重;河水NH3-N浓度远高于地下水,接受河 流补给的地下水NH3污染严重;因硝化作用,远离河流地下水NH3-N浓度逐渐降低,而NO3-N浓度逐渐升高。     

干法灰化处理对含有机质土壤样品铜同位素测量的影响

分析土壤样品的铜同位素时,其中有机质会对化学纯化流程以及测试过程产生严重的干扰。因此,在不改变样品铜同位素组成的前提下,完全去除土壤中的有机质对于获取高精度的铜同位素数据至关重要。干法灰化是一种快速、有效的有机质处理方法,并且能够减少氧化性试剂的使用。但是该流程可能会对挥发性元素(如铜)的组成产生影响,因此需要在使用前进行条件实验探究。本文采用干法灰化流程对含有机质的土壤样品进行有机质处理,同时使用高压湿法消解对相同的样品进行处理,并分别在纯化后用MC-ICP-MS测量铜同位素组成,通过两种处理方式测量结果的对比,探求干法灰化法对土壤样品铜同位素组成的影响程度。结果表明:高压湿法消解流程能够获得较为可靠的铜同位素组成数据;干法灰化流程使铜同位素组成的测量值显著偏离真实值,δ65Cu最多可偏差3.46‰。这是因为样品中铜的挥发丢失导致了铜同位素组成发生分馏,并且其影响程度受到了多种因素控制,如样品性质和灰化温度等。因此,实验结果更推荐使用湿法消解对土壤样品进行处理。     

纳米SnO2光催化剂的制备及其在养殖废水处理中的应用

以五水合四氯化锡为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备了纳米SnO₂光催化剂,采用电子显微镜和X光衍射仪对粉体的粒径、物象和形貌等进行了表征,对比分析了自制纳米SnO₂对于养殖废水中氨氮的光催化降解情况。研究结果表明催化剂投加量、废水中氨氮初始质量浓度、溶液pH值和H₂O₂质量浓度均是影响氨氮催化氧化去除效果的重要因素。通过正交实验确定了SnO₂光催化剂氧化的优化反应条件:SnO₂投加量为1.2 g/L,氨氮初始质量浓度为40 mg/L,pH值为8.0,H₂O₂质量浓度为1.0 g/L,催化时间为2 h时,去除率可达72%。     

从含铜铅金精矿中提取金银的工艺方法

采用湿法预处理除铜 -氨氰法研究了从含 Cu、Pb金精矿中提取 Au、Ag的新工艺方法。它与常规方法相比 ,Au、Ag的回收率分别提高了 34 .78%和 1 2 .52 % ,对于中小型黄金矿山具有推广价值。     

饥饿对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎呼吸和排泄的影响

采用室内实验的方法研究了饥饿对二倍体 (2n)和三倍体(3n)长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验饥饿的时间为2,5,8,11,14,23,32d,实验牡蛎的软体部干质量为M2n=0.347g±0.071g;M3n =0.301g±0.099g。实验结果表明 :(1)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～14d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率增大 ,当饥饿14d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降。耗氧率与饥饿时间的关系为:Ro ,2n(mg/(个·h))= -0.08 +0.21T-0.01T2-0.01T3,Ro ,3n(mg/(个·h))= -1.97+0.45T-0.12T2+0.01T3;在饥饿2～5d内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05) ,而饥饿5d以后 ,耗氧率的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) ;(2)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～8d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,其排氨率增加 ,当饥饿8d以后 ,排氨率则逐渐下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的排氨率下降。排氨率与饥饿时间的关系为 :RA ,2n(μg/(个·h))= -16.09 +32.65T-8.11T2 +0.57T3 ,RA ,3n(μg/(个·h))=4.57 +16.07T-5.42T2 +0.44T3 ;在实验的时间范围内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎排氨率的差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05)。     

大西洋牙鲆幼鱼标准代谢的初步研究

测定了大西洋牙鲆幼鱼在禁食和静息状态下的呼吸耗氧率、氨氮排泄率和CO2排出率;研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能量代谢的特征和能源的化学本质。结果表明,大西洋牙鲆在水温10.8～21.5℃时,其耗氧率Q10=2.336,代谢率的体重系数b=0.832。白天能量代谢率为2.00J/(h·g),夜间能量代谢率为1.474J/(h·g),白天是夜间的1.357倍,最高值出现在09:00(上午),代谢率为2.525J/(h·g),最低值在03:00(夜间),代谢率为1.147J/(h·g)。在水温4～26℃时大西洋牙鲆平均呼吸耗氧率为0.123mg/(h·g);氨氮排泄率2.654μg/(h·g);CO2排出率0.135mg/(h·g);代谢率1.773J/(h·g);O∶N=38.8;呼吸商为0.791。大西洋牙鲆以蛋白质、脂肪和糖类3种营养物质的混合物为能源,随着温度的升高和个体的生长O∶N比值增加,即代谢底物中蛋白质用于氧化供能的比例相对减少,用于生长的比例增加。     

Application of the clustering method in molecular dynamics simulation of the diffusion coefficient

Using molecular dynamics （MD） simulation, the diffusion of oxygen, methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide in water was simulated in the canonical NVT ensemble, and the diffusion coefficient was analyzed by the clustering method. By comparing to the conventional method （using the Einstein model） and the differentiation-interval variation method, we found that the results obtained by the clustering method used in this study are more close to the experimental values. This method proved to be more reasonable than the other two methods.