Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q₁₀(respiration) and Q₁₀(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q₁₀(respiration), Q₁₀(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.     

盐度和氨氮对方斑东风螺存活和能量收支的影响

为了探究盐度和氨氮对方斑东风螺生理代谢的影响,本文采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同盐度和氨氮浓度条件下方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)的存活以及能量收支变化。结果显示,方斑东风螺的存活率随着盐度上升呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当盐度为25和30时,方斑东风螺的存活率为100%,低盐96hLC50为10.14,高盐为44.36;方斑东风螺存活率随氨氮浓度上升逐渐下降,当氨氮质量浓度为0～20 mg/L时,存活率均为100%;氨氮96 h LC50为253.83 mg/L。盐度和氨氮对方斑东风螺的摄食率、排粪率、耗氧率和排氨率均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐度实验中,方斑东风螺的摄食率、排粪率和排氨率在盐度30时达到最大值,分别为20.50、8.62和0.07 mg/(g·h),耗氧率在盐度35时达到最大值,为1.84 mg/(g·h)。氨氮实验中,摄食率和排粪率在10 mg/L时达到最大值,分别为23.58和10.42 mg/(g·h),耗氧率和排氨率在20 mg/L时达到最大值,分别为2.49和0.13 mg/(g·h)。通过能量收支方程发现,随着盐度和氨氮浓度的上...     

Nitrogenous Excretion of Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed with Different Diets

This study is designed to determine ammonia and nitrite excretion by Penaeus monodon 25–30 day old postlarvae fed with different diets (artificial and natural). Shrimps were fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans (phytoplankton), chironomid larvae (benthos), Brachionus sp. (rotifer) and artificial diet. In the control treatment, shrimps were not fed. The highest concentration of ammonia was excreted by shrimps fed with artificial diet and the lowest by that of control treatment. All treatments except where shrimps fed on C. calcitrans showed a sudden increase in ammonia-N excretion after 36 h. C. calcitrans contributed to high ammonia excretion only after 61 h. Shrimps fed with Brachionus sp. (rotifer) showed significantly higher nitrite excretion rate compared to other treatments. Shrimps fed on C. calcitrans depicted the lowest nitrite excretion. This experiment indicated that nitrogenous excretion was predominant in shrimps fed with artificial diets. Live food like algae and chironomids, despite a high protein content, contribute to low nitrogenous excretion and hence pose less adverse effects on water quality compared to artificial diets.     

EFFECTS OF REDUCED SALINITY ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA-N EXCRETION OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

INTRODUCTIONRespirationandexcretionaretwoimportantaspectsofbioenergetics.Themetabolicrateofbi valvesisinfluencedbyanumberofvariables,includingtemperature ,bodysize,oxygentension ,foodconcentration ,reproductivestate ,activitylevelandphysiologicalcondition .Theimpactsoftemperatureontherespirationandexcretionofscallopshadalreadybeenreportedindetail (BayneandNewell,1 983 ;MacDonald ,1 988;MackayandShumway,1 980 ;Shumway ,1 991 ;Yangetal.,1 998) ,whiletheeffectsofsalinityontherespirationan…     

冷库系统变工况性能的理论分析

对氨冷库蒸汽压缩制冷系统进行理论分析。通过改变环境温度,改变蒸发器和冷凝器压力降,建模计算了冷库系统的损失、效率和制冷系数COP,结果表明,系统各设备的损失随着环境温度升高而变化,系统设备性能随着压力降升高而变化。认为减少蒸发器和冷凝器的传热温差,减少压缩机内不可逆损失,减少蒸发器的压力降等可以提高系统性能。     

浑河冲洪积扇中下游地下水中氮转化与水文地球化学特征的研究

浑河冲洪积扇部分区域的地下水水质检测结果表明,区域环境水文地球化学场与地下水中的氮转化关系密切,尤其是含水层的岩性组合和锰离子浓度场控制着地下水中氮的存在形式。铁离子对氮转化的影响相对较弱。在地下水呈弱酸性的条件下,其影响因素还包括耗氧量、氯离子和硫酸盐。总硬度和总固体与硝酸盐氮呈显著正相关,与氨氮未表现出相关关系。     

氨氮污染源区包气带剖面微生物生态分布特征的研究

包气带土壤中氨氮污染迁移规律已成为近年来国内外学者研究的重点,目前在氨氮污染迁移规律研究中采用柱实验模拟以及软件模拟的方法较多,土壤生物技术则广泛应用于污染物降解领域,而在污染物迁移规律研究中应用较少。本文采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术、16S rRNA序列分析技术以及典范对应分析相结合,对华北平原3个典型氨氮污染区土壤表层至包气带剖面微环境的细菌垂直分布特征及群落结构进行研究。结合污染区土壤理化性质分析,认为包气带土壤剖面的细菌群落中存在着与氮循环、硫酸盐代谢等过程偶联的优势细菌类群,说明土壤微环境中细菌群落分布明显受氨态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和硫酸盐的分布影响,进一步表明污染土壤优势菌群的群落结构信息是描述包气带土壤环境氨氮污染物迁移规律的重要参数。     

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND ASTAXANTI—IIN ACCUMULATION IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS

This study on dynamic changes of culture color,astaxanthin and chlorophylls,inorganic N including N-NO3^-,N-NO2^- and N-NH4^ in batch culture of Haematococcus pluvialis exposed to different additive nitrate concentration showed(1)ast/chl ratio was over 0.8 for brown and red algae,but was usually less than 0.5 for green and yellow algae;(2)N-NO3^-,in general,was unstable and decreased,except for a small unexpected increase in nitrate enriched treatment groups;(3)measurable amounts of N-NO2^- and N-NH4^ were observed respectively with three change modes although no extemal nitrite and ammonia were added into the culture;(4)a non-linear correlation between ast/chl ratio(or color)changes and the levels of N-NO3^-,N-NO2^-,N-NH4^ in H.pluvialis culture;(5)up and down variation of the ast/chl ratio occurred simultaneously with a perceptible color change from yellow to brown(or red)when N-NO3^-,N-NO2^- and N-NH4^ fluctuated around 30,5,5μmol/L respectively;(6)existence of three dynamic modes of N-NO3^-,N-NO2^- and N-NH4^ changes,obviously associated with initial extemal nitrate;(7)the key level of total inorganic N concentration regulating the above physiological changes during indoor cultivation was about 50 μmol/L;and(8)0.5-10mmol/L of nitrate was theoretically conducive to cell growth in batch culture.     

Resolving impact volatilization and condensation from target rock mixing and hydrothermal overprinting within the Chicxulub impact structure

This work presents isotopic data for the non-traditional isotope systems Fe, Cu, and Zn on a set of Chicxulub impactites and target lithologies with the aim of better documenting the dynamic processes taking place during hypervelocity impact events, as well as those affecting impact structures during the post-impact phase. The focus lies on material from the recent IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Hole M0077A drill core obtained from the offshore Chicxulub peak ring. Two ejecta blanket samples from the UNAM 5 and 7 cores were used to compare the crater lithologies with those outside of the impact structure. The datasets of bulk Fe, Cu, and Zn isotope ratios are coupled with petrographic observations and bulk major and trace element compositions to disentangle equilibrium isotope fractionation effects from kinetic processes. The observed Fe and Cu isotopic signatures, with δ^56/54Fe ranging from ?0.95‰ to 0.58‰ and δ^65/63Cu from ?0.73‰ to 0.14‰, mostly reflect felsic, mafic, and carbonate target lithology mixing and secondary sulfide mineral formation, the latter associated to the extensive and long-lived (>10⁵ years) hydrothermal system within Chicxulub structure. On the other hand, the stable Zn isotope ratios provide evidence for volatility-governed isotopic fractionation. The heavier Zn isotopic compositions observed for the uppermost part of the impactite sequence and a metamorphic clast (δ^66/64Zn of up to 0.80‰ and 0.87‰, respectively) relative to most basement lithologies and impact melt rock units indicate partial vaporization of Zn, comparable to what has been observed for Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer sediments around the world, as well as for tektites from various strewn fields. In contrast to previous work, our data indicate that an isotopically light Zn reservoir (δ^66/64Zn down to ?0.49‰), of which the existence has previously been suggested based on mass balance considerations, may reside within the upper impact melt rock (UIM) unit. This observation is restricted to a few UIM samples only and cannot be extended to other target or impact melt rock units. Light isotopic signatures of moderately volatile elements in tektites and microtektites have previously been linked to (back-)condensation under distinct kinetic regimes. Although some of the signatures observed may have been partially overprinted during post-impact processes, our bulk data confirm impact volatilization and condensation of Zn, which may be even more pronounced at the microscale, with variable degrees of mixing between isotopically distinct reservoirs, not only at proximal to distal ejecta sites, but also within the lithologies associated with the Chicxulub impact crater.     

干法灰化处理对含有机质土壤样品铜同位素测量的影响

分析土壤样品的铜同位素时,其中有机质会对化学纯化流程以及测试过程产生严重的干扰。因此,在不改变样品铜同位素组成的前提下,完全去除土壤中的有机质对于获取高精度的铜同位素数据至关重要。干法灰化是一种快速、有效的有机质处理方法,并且能够减少氧化性试剂的使用。但是该流程可能会对挥发性元素(如铜)的组成产生影响,因此需要在使用前进行条件实验探究。本文采用干法灰化流程对含有机质的土壤样品进行有机质处理,同时使用高压湿法消解对相同的样品进行处理,并分别在纯化后用MC-ICP-MS测量铜同位素组成,通过两种处理方式测量结果的对比,探求干法灰化法对土壤样品铜同位素组成的影响程度。结果表明:高压湿法消解流程能够获得较为可靠的铜同位素组成数据;干法灰化流程使铜同位素组成的测量值显著偏离真实值,δ65Cu最多可偏差3.46‰。这是因为样品中铜的挥发丢失导致了铜同位素组成发生分馏,并且其影响程度受到了多种因素控制,如样品性质和灰化温度等。因此,实验结果更推荐使用湿法消解对土壤样品进行处理。