基于ENVI-met模式的城市近地表气温模拟与分析-以南京市部分区域为例

城市不同下垫面与建筑物空间形态对近地表气温等微气候要素产生了重要影响。开展城市气温时空变化模拟与影响因素分析,对于城市热环境评价与城市规划具有重要意义。论文基于高空间分辨率Geoeye-1立体影像,在建筑物高度、下垫面覆盖类型信息提取的基础上,选择南京一中、光华东街、玄武湖、头陀岭4个区域,采用ENVI-met微气候模式,以城市基本气象站南京站的实时气象数据作为背景气象场,模拟不同区域近地表气温的时空分布特征,并利用区域自动气象站观测数据进行精度检验。结果表明:在时间变化上,ENVI-met模拟气温与实测值之间吻合程度较高;在空间分布上,南京一中与光华东街区域气温时空分布规律总体相似,但城市空间形态的差异使得局部区域气温变化不同,玄武湖区域气温由陆地中心向外围呈递减趋势,而头陀岭地形复杂多变,白天气温变化剧烈,夜间空间变化较小。     

中国民航客运(国内)空间格局与竞争态势分析

利用统计分析和可视化方法,综合考虑行政、经济、人口和旅游吸引指标,采取抽样方法选择了60个具有代表性的国内大中城市,以近期发布的中国民航班期数据为基础,研究了构成中国民航运输网络的9家民航公司的通航城市和航线网络特征,并分析了各公司相互问的竞争关系。结果表明,三大航空集团和海航的航线呈多中心网状分布,而其他5家航空公司航线呈明显的单中心/双中心放射状分布;在运营中,三大航空集团和海航具有明显的垄断优势。而它们之间也存在明显的竞争关系。其他航空公司在构成中国民航运输网络骨架的大中城市航线运营中处于明显的竞争劣势。研究成果对航空公司航线、航班调整、代码共享和民航政策制订具有参考作用。     

基于多层次模糊综合评判的GIS质量综合评价

本文用模糊数学中的多层次模糊综合评判原理对GIS质量进行评价。结果表明模糊综合评价方法不仅能够比较全面地考虑各种因素的影响及其相互作用,实现对GIS质量的合理、定量分析,并能在一定程度上反映出影响GIS质量的关键因素,为进一步提高GIS质量提供决策依据,而且该方法使用简单,结果具有科学性和合理性。本文首次提出用多层次模糊综合评判的方法对GIS质量进行评价,并且把对GIS质量评价进行量化处理。     

移动通讯数字地图系统的数据采集及质量控制

对黑龙江移动通讯数字地图系统的数据结构进行了分析,叙述了各类数据的采集流程及其质量控制,可为通讯部门的数据采集提供参考。     

Seston transport and deposition in Pelorus sound,south Island,New Zealand

Transport of seston (suspended sediment) in Pelorus Sound is controlled by tides and freshwater inflow. During high freshwater inflow, a moderately stratified estuarine circulation may be superimposed on the tidal circulation, but the latter dominates and transports seston seawards and landwards with the ebb and flood phases respectively. With extreme freshwater inflow, the estuarine circulation gains impetus and most seston is rapidly transported seaward in the low saline surface layer.

Irrespective of circulation there is a persistent trend in seston concentrations. Highest values occur at the sound's head because of the influence of nearby Pelorus and Kaituna Rivers and because of resuspension of bottom sediment by strong tidal currents. Seston concentrations wane along the sound until near the entrance, where values increase as a result of greater production of biogenic seston and because additional seston is brought in from Cook Strait with the flood tide. This trend parallels variability in the thicknesses of muddy bottom sediments. Muds are thick at the head where an extensive delta extends from the river mouths; muds gradually thin seaward and then thicken markedly in the vicinity of the sound entrance.

Seston weight and composition patterns and 3.5 kHz seismic profiles indicate Pelorus Sound acts as a double‐ended sediment trap. The upper reaches receive and retain river‐derived seston, whereas the sound entrance traps seston derived from Cook Strait. This situation appears to hold for both high and extremely high influxes of sediment.     

Further records of Teredicola typicus C. B. Wilson, 1942 (Cgpepoda: Cyclopoida) from shipworms in Northern New Zealand (note)

Teredicola typicus, previously recorded from Bankia australis Caiman, 1920 at two sites in the Auckland area, has been found at Bay of Islands, Whangarei, Mahurangi, and Coromandel Harbours in the North Island of New Zealand. Two specimens have also been found in another shipworm, Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages, 1849) at Coromandel, a first record from this host in New Zealand.     

Urban stormwater quality I. Hillcrest,Hamilton, New Zealand

Water quality parameters associated with siltation (non‐volatile and volatile suspended solids), oxygen depletion (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), nutrient enrichment (N, P), toxicity (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd), and human pathogenic micro‐organisms (coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci) were measured in baseflow and stormflow from a residential catchment in Hamilton, New Zealand, from November 1979 to December 1981. A macro‐invertebrate survey was conducted. All parameters, except nitrogen, were predominantly associated with particulate material, and closely followed suspended solids behaviour during storm runoff. The concentrations of these particulate parameters are linearly related to suspended solid concentrations, which implies a reasonable consistency in the particulate source material, probably attributable to the uniform stable land use. The runoff was enriched with nitrate (from septic tank seepage) and the particles by Zn, Pb, and Cu. There was little or no enrichment of the particulates with phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter, Cr, or Ni relative to catchment soils. Ni, Cr, and Cd were generally below detection limits. Dissolved reactive phosphorus and NH₄ ⁺‐N levels were low and unimportant in total P or N leaving the catchment. Most organic matter was particulate and only slowly degraded, and consequently the biological oxygen demand was only a small fraction (c. 13%) of chemical oxygen demand. Interpretation of the water quality data allows some tentative predictions to be made of potential receiving water impacts. It is doubtful that urban runoff will cause significant oxygen depletion, although the high level of organic‐rich particulate material could lead to a deterioration of receiving water sediments and affect benthic invertebrates. Urban runoff may be an important source of nutrients, but (apart from nitrate) its importance depends on the amount of suspended material in the runoff rather than increased input of nutrients from urban‐related activities. Bacterial counts indicate a poor water quality. The impact of metals will depend largely on the bioavailability of the particulate‐bound fraction. The key to the understanding of transport, treatment, and impact of most potential pollutants in urban runoff is probably their association with particulate materials.     

套管短口袋技术的应用探讨

介绍了短口袋技术可以提高固井质量及避免钻井掉块等优点,阐述了保证井身质量优良、井底少沉沙、套管长度与井眼深度的一致和套管居中等使用短口袋的技术要求.通过该技术在埕北古A井的应用,说明优选钻具组合和钻进参数,使用优质钻井液、通井和套管居中等技术措施可以满足要求,并成功地实现套管短口袋.     

Land‐use impacts and water quality targets in the intensive dairying catchment of the Toenepi Stream,New Zealand

Water quality monitoring in Toenepi Stream, New Zealand, started in 1995 in a study of dairy farming influences on lowland stream quality and has continued since then with brief interruptions. Surveys have provided information about changes in farm and soil management practices as they relate to environmental sustainability. Although average water quality in Toenepi Stream has changed little during 1995–2004, there have been some notable improvements. Water clarity measured by black disc has improved from 0.6m to 1.5m, and median ammonia‐N and nitrate‐N concentrations have declined by 70% and 57%, respectively. The frequency and magnitude of extreme concentrations have declined—most notably for nitrogen (N) forms, which also had decreased mean values. Specific yields for suspended solids (SS) and phosphorus (P) forms in 2002–04 were 47–67% of 1995–97 values, mainly because of lower water yields. Reduced specific yields for N forms in 2002–04 (34–37% of 1995–97 yields) were also attributable to lower mean concentrations in stream water. Faecal bacteria concentrations have not abated and are on average 2–3 times recommended guideline values for contact recreation. Fewer dairy farms and an increased proportion irrigating dairyshed effluent to land, rather than discharging it to the stream via two‐pond systems, were likely causes of improvement in water quality. Water quality targets were developed for Toenepi Stream to achieve contact recreation criteria for the Piako River (downstream) and for intrinsic habitat values for Toenepi Stream. A range of mitigation measures has been formulated to meet these targets, but substantial uptake of sustainable farming practices is needed to improve water quality in Toenepi Stream.     

种子预处理对唐古特白刺出苗和幼苗生长的影响

 采用不同方法对唐古特白刺种子预处理,以不处理为对照,再行60 ℃浸种24 h后育苗,通过测定出苗动态和生长指标,探寻促进白刺种子出苗和幼苗生长的技术途径。结果表明,唐古特白刺种子出苗率变化动态均呈“S”型曲线,符合Logistic曲线方程,出苗质量随种子处理不同而异,出苗期为38～55 d,极限出苗率为30.2%～57.8%。沙搓和沙碾均可显著提高白刺种子出苗质量,为培育壮苗奠定良好基础,出苗率较对照分别提高15.6%和13.4%,出苗势分别提高60.1%和6.9%,出苗指数分别提高35.2%和13.2%,活力指数分别提高41.5%和23.3%。尤其沙搓种子出苗集中,较对照缩短5 d。而掐尖、20%醋酸和5%碱水浸泡均抑制发芽。将种子与沙子混合后手搓和棍碾压均可破坏白刺种子坚硬致密的内果皮结构,破除休眠,促进出苗和幼苗生长,但需注意的是沙碾操作不当会造成种子内部结构被破坏。