海洋生态系统服务价值的知识图谱 ——基于CiteSpace的计量分析

近年来,“海洋生态系统服务价值”广受学术界关注,相关研究成果大量涌现,现已成为一个不断发展演进的重要知识领域。文章以“Web of ScienceTM”核心合集为数据源,运用文献计量法梳理了海洋生态系统服务价值研究论文的发文量年代分布,运用CiteSpace软件绘制科学知识图谱,分析了该领域主要国家/研究机构的合作情况、文献共被引、研究热点及研究前沿。结果显示,海洋生态系统服务价值的研究历经15年增速缓慢的酝酿期后,自2007年发文量持续高速增长;美国和加拿大两国在该领域的研究处于领先地位,且形成了以“加拿大—英国—澳大利亚—法国—美国”为中心的核心研究群体;以Barbier、Costanza为代表的生态学家为该领域研究奠定了服务价值的方法论基础和理论框架,随后出现了由理论探讨向理论与实践探索结合转变;该领域研究热点集中于海洋生态系统服务价值理论、评估方法、案例分析、影响因素和修复管理5个方面;当前研究前沿则主要聚焦于自然资源评估和生态系统保护等方面在海洋生态系统服务价值的重要应用。本研究对深入认识海洋生态系统服务价值研究领域的知识结构及其演化关系具有一定价值,同时也能为国内海洋生态系统服务价值研究与实践提供参考。     

不同出露时间下洞庭湖洲滩土壤及生态系统呼吸特征

于2015年1月洞庭湖枯水期,针对不同出露时间下的洲滩,调查其土壤理化性质,并利用LI-8100便携式二氧化碳气体分析仪监测其生态系统呼吸.结果表明：在洞庭湖枯水期,洲滩出露后,洲滩土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮含量随出露时间增长而先升高后降低.土壤溶解性有机碳含量是影响洞庭湖枯水期洲滩生态系统呼吸强度的最重要影响因子.溶解性有机碳含量随出露时间增长而提高,洲滩生态系统呼吸强度随之提高,并在洲滩出露约60天后达到最高值.出露洲滩生态系统呼吸通量均值为0.72±0.55 μmol/（m²·s）,超过杨树林地、芦苇地和农田地,成为洞庭湖区冬季CO₂排放最活跃的区域.     

Application of a simple headcut advance model for gullies

Gully erosion begins in streambanks and uplands as a consequence of adjustments in driving forces on the landscape imposed by changes in land use or climate. The deleterious effects of gullies worldwide have led to many site‐specific studies of gully form and function. In the continental United States, gully erosion in agricultural land has destroyed valuable farmland yet, prediction of gully processes remains problematic on a national scale. This research has proposed a simple method to predict gully headcut advance. When combined with SWAT hydrologic flow routines, the model predicted gully headcut advance with reasonable accuracy on a daily time step for time periods exceeding two decades. The model was tested in two distinct land resource areas of the United States with differing climate, soils, cover and drainage. The inputs for the headcut model have been kept simple as the model will be applied over large areas. Model inputs consist of headcut height, headcut resistance (based on soil erodibility and a root‐cover factor), and daily flow. The model is compared with an annual time step model used in assessment of headcut advance and appears to offer a better way to assess gully headcut advance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近200 a来云南阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性及稳定性变化

云南省拥有丰富的生物多样性,其生态系统稳定性对于发挥生态系统服务功能十分重要,但近几十年以来的人类活动以及气候变化带来的干扰削弱了该区域的生态系统功能.本文以阳宗海为研究对象,探讨了1820s—2006年间人类活动背景下摇蚊群落多样性和稳定性的变化过程,并进一步探讨阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性与稳定性之间的关系.利用沉积物中的营养指标(总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量和TOC/TN摩尔比)及摇蚊分别重建了湖泊营养变化及摇蚊群落物种丰富度、均匀度、相似度和稳定性(ar1),利用PCA第1轴代表摇蚊群落以检测突变点.研究发现摇蚊群落组成与湖泊营养变化有较好的一致性,二者在1990年左右发生突变,物种丰富度、均匀度和相似度指数分别在1950s、1990s初以及1970s初升高,说明摇蚊群落组成逐渐多样化,种属分布更加均匀.通过检测发现摇蚊群落稳定性在1960s初开始降低,比湖泊系统突变提前30 a左右.摇蚊群落的物种丰富度、均匀度以及稳定性指标伴随着湖泊外源营养物质输入比例增加而升高,群落多样性与稳定性之间的相关性分析表明群落稳定性随物种丰富度的升高而降低.     

基于洱海水生态特征的流域最大日负荷总量控制

基于洱海水生态历史数据及现状资料,采用概率密度分布曲线法及水生生物基准相结合的方式计算洱海总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和氨氮(NH_3-N)的控制目标,目标值分别为0.36、0.026、4和0.28 mg/L.再根据该水质目标,得到洱海的最大日负荷(TMDL)总量.TMDL总量采用线性规划法计算,其中污染物响应系数矩阵通过MIKE 21二维水质模型计算所得.安全容余(MOS)则通过一阶误差分析法确定.经过一系列的计算,最终确定洱海的TMDL总量控制计划.计算结果表明,洱海TN、TP、COD_(Mn)和NH_3-N的TMDL总量分别为2005.989、149.671、19258.844和1348.119 kg/d,其MOS所占比例分别为6.152%、5.570%、4.380%和5.021%,表明洱海农业面源污染为该流域主要的污染形式,其允许最大排放量约占全部允许排放量的90%左右.     

长江中下游典型湖泊营养盐历史变化模拟

湖泊营养盐变化在自然条件下受到气候水文因素控制,同时受到湖泊生态系统生物群落作用和反馈.作为动力机制探讨,本文试图基于水文和生态动力学方法,分别构建气候-流域水文作用于湖泊营养盐的外源模式和湖泊生物群落作用于湖泊营养盐的內源模式.针对长江中下游典型湖泊,经过控制实验和率定,发现营养盐模拟与观测数据在时间序列上达到90%百分位的正相关,因此用来模拟1640 1840 A.D.期间的营养盐演变历史.研究表明:(1)模拟的湖泊营养盐变化与沉积钻孔揭示的历史营养盐变化基本一致,沉积记录与模式模拟的7个湖泊的营养盐变化均显著相关;(2)气候因素是湖泊营养盐历史演变的主控因子,来自于湖泊生物群落的反馈作用贡献约占40%;(3)在温度和降水因子的驱动下,湖泊营养盐历史变化主要受降水控制,在极端干旱时期,60%的营养盐变化同步响应于降水变化.同时,面积在400 km2以下的湖泊营养盐对气候变化的响应比2000 km2以上的大湖更为敏感.研究结果对长江中下游湖泊营养状态的长期变化机理认识和趋势控制提供科学依据.     

Tracing the temporal evolution of soil redistribution rates in an agricultural landscape using 239+240Pu and 10Be

Two principal groups of processes shape mass fluxes from and into a soil: vertical profile development and lateral soil redistribution. Periods having predominantly progressive soil forming processes (soil profile development) alternate with periods having predominantly regressive processes (erosion). As a result, short-term soil redistribution – years to decades – can differ substantially from long-term soil redistribution; i.e. centuries to millennia. However, the quantification of these processes is difficult and consequently their rates are poorly understood. To assess the competing roles of erosion and deposition we determined short- and long-term soil redistribution rates in a formerly glaciated area of the Uckermark, northeast Germany. We compared short-term erosion or accumulation rates using plutonium-239 and -240 (^239+240Pu) and long-term rates using both in situ and meteoric cosmogenic beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be). Three characteristic process domains have been analysed in detail: a flat landscape position having no erosion/deposition, an erosion-dominated mid-slope, and a deposition-dominated lower-slope site. We show that the short-term mass erosion and accumulation rates are about one order of magnitude higher than long-term redistribution rates. Both, in situ and meteoric ¹⁰Be provide comparable results. Depth functions, and therefore not only an average value of the topsoil, give the most meaningful rates. The long-term soil redistribution rates were in the range of −2.1 t ha^-1 yr^-1 (erosion) and +0.26 t ha^-1 yr^-1 (accumulation) whereas the short-term erosion rates indicated strong erosion of up to 25 t ha^-1 yr^-1 and accumulation of 7.6 t ha^-1 yr^-1. Our multi-isotope method identifies periods of erosion and deposition, confirming the ‘time-split approach’ of distinct different phases (progressive/regressive) in soil evolution. With such an approach, temporally-changing processes can be disentangled, which allows the identification of both the dimensions of and the increase in soil erosion due to human influence. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of future water provisioning and sediment load under climate and LULC change scenarios in a peninsular river basin,India

Assessment of the impact of changes in climate and land use and land cover (LULC) on ecosystem services (ES) is important for planning regional-scale strategies for sustainability and restoration of ES. The Upper Narmada River Basin (UNRB) in peninsular India has undergone rapid LULC change due to recent agricultural expansion. The impact of future climate and LULC change on ES in the UNRB is quantified and mapped using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST 3.3.0) tool. Our results show that water yield is projected to increase under climate change (about 43% for representative concentration pathway 4.5 for 2031–2040), whereas it is projected to decrease under the LULC change scenario. Sediment export is projected to increase (by 54.53%) under LULC change for 2031–2040. Under the combined effect of climate and LULC change, both water yield and sediment export are expected to increase. Climate change has a greater impact on projected water yield than LULC change, whereas LULC has greater impact on sediment export. Spatial analysis suggests a similar trend of variation in relative difference (RD) of ES in adjacent sub-basins. The quantified changes in ES provisioning will benefit future land management, particularly for operation of the Rani Avanti Bai Sagar Reservoir downstream of the UNRB.     

基于全球重要农业文化遗产的旅游开发研究——以青田稻鱼共生农业系统为例

文章探讨了对农业遗产进行旅游开发的特殊性,确定了在保护遗产的使命之下进行旅游开发的方式。文章认为：青田农业遗产旅游是一种综合型的生态旅游,而且以社区旅游的模式来组织旅游活动较合理。最后还提出了具体的开发思路和建议：通过典型生态旅游社区的构建,展示一个世外山村和谐的生产生活方式,让游客在村民生活和自然环境的充分接触中感受生活,营造现代人精神回归的心灵家园。在人与自然和谐系统之下,梳理出景区的旅游产品体系,包括研修教育、山村风情体验、乡土娱乐、山水休闲和文艺部落休闲等5个主要部分．     

贵州省农业地质区划与农业综合区划的关系

贵州农业地质区划是在农业综合区划的基础上,用农业地学的观点以地质环境为主线编制而成,是对农业综合区划的补充和发展。对比贵州农业地质区划与农业综合区划,其目的是取长补短,更好地为贵州农业结构调整、发展优势特色农业服务;以增加农民收入,促进农业可持续发展。