The value of vegetation ecosystem services: a case of Qinling-Daba Mountains

According to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, combining the latest research, using theory and method on the value of vegetation ecosystem services, this paper not only calculated goods produced by different types of vegetation but also estimated the value of various vegetation ecosystem services and set up database, GIS and eco-account of vegetation ecosystem. The result was as follows: the value of vegetation's primary productivity, soil and fertility conservation, water conservation, CO2 fixation and O2 release was 199.6 billion yuan/a, 22.64 billion yuan/a, 22.66 billion yuan/a, 352.24 billion yuan/a and 374.19 billion yuan/a, respectively. The total value of ecosystem services was 968.33 billion yuan/a. The temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest had the highest contribution rate, accounting for 16.42%. The result of value can reflect regional reality more exactly.     

WebGIS在农业灌溉信息管理中的应用研究

农业灌溉的信息化管理是建设节约型社会和社会主义新农村的重要内容,传统模式的农业灌溉管理已经不能满足灌溉设旌和业务内容日趋复杂化的需求,农业灌溉管理的信息化改造势在必行。本文探讨了WebGIS技术在农业灌溉信息管理中的应用,指出该技术对提高农业灌溉的信息化管理水平具有重要作用。最后,以ArcIMS和ASP为核心技术,构建了基于B／S架构的农业灌溉信息管理系统AIIMS,该系统在满足实用性和可靠性需求的同时,充分发挥WebGIS的易用性和形象性特点,为农业灌溉的综合管理和决策提供有力支撑。     

模糊层次分析法在山区大农业发展决策中的应用

采用模糊层次分析方法,综合考虑自然资源条件和市场需求,分析并提出陇南山区白龙江流域各垂直气候层中农业各部门的优先发展顺序,为山区大农业发展提供决策依据。     

提高北方农牧交错带农业生态系统生产力的对策与建议

北方农牧交错带是中、东部平原农区的重要生态屏障,在我国具有重要的地位,并由于其系统生产力水平低下,生态和经济问题比较严重而倍受关注。如何协调农牧业生产及农牧民收入稳定增长,提高农业系统生产力是该区域的核心研究问题。围绕提高其系统生产力实现可持续发展的目标,提出了一些具体的对策和建议。     

全球海岸带国家蓝碳资源价值与类型研究

海岸带蓝碳生态系统已成为应对气候变化重要的基于自然的解决方案。本研究梳理了全球海岸带蓝碳生态系统的分布、碳封存量和封存价值,并根据经济、科技、蓝碳封存量三个指标对各海岸带国家和地区进行分类。海岸带蓝碳生态系统分布最广的国家是澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和美国,而印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚和巴西碳埋藏量最高。全球每年蓝碳埋藏价值在碳交易和碳税价格下分别为3.47×109美元和2.35×109美元。中国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝碳资源,生态系统面积排名第10,年封存量排名第21;然而蓝碳自然资源的赋存禀赋与现有碳价格体系下的价值匹配性较差,基于碳交易价格的中国海岸带蓝碳埋藏价值全球排名第27,基于碳税价格仅排名第39。碳价格低迷将会导致在国际蓝碳交易中处于劣势,中国后续应不断完善碳排放交易市场。中国具有在蓝碳研究以及修复投入与实践方面的优势,以及贝藻养殖、海洋牧场等特色蓝碳资源,可结合不同类型的蓝碳国家经济科技条件与自然条件制定多元合作策略。     

ALLUVIAL CHARACTERISTICS,GROUNDWATER–SURFACE WATER EXCHANGE AND HYDROLOGICAL RETENTION IN HEADWATER STREAMS

Conservative solute injections were conducted in three first-order montane streams of different geological composition to assess the influence of parent lithology and alluvial characteristics on the hydrological retention of nutrients. Three study sites were established: (1) Aspen Creek, in a sandstone–siltstone catchment with a fine-grained alluvium of low hydraulic conductivity (1·3×10⁻⁴ cm/s), (2) Rio Calaveras, which flows through volcanic tuff with alluvium of intermediate grain size and hydraulic conductivity (1·2×10⁻³ cm/s), and (3) Gallina Creek, located in a granite/gneiss catchment of coarse, poorly sorted alluvium with high hydraulic conductivity (4·1×10⁻³ cm/s). All sites were instrumented with networks of shallow groundwater wells to monitor interstitial solute transport. The rate and extent of groundwater–surface water exchange, determined by the solute response in wells, increased with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The direction of surface water–groundwater interaction within a stream was related to local variation in vertical and horizontal hydraulic gradients. Experimental tracer responses in the surface stream were simulated with a one-dimensional solute transport model with inflow and storage components (OTIS). Model-derived measures of hydrological retention showed a corresponding increase with increasing hydraulic conductivity. To assess the temporal variability of hydrological retention, solute injection experiments were conducted in Gallina Creek under four seasonal flow regimes during which surface discharge ranged from baseflow (0·75 l/s in October) to high (75 l/s during spring snowmelt). Model-derived hydrological retention decreased with increasing discharge. The results of our intersite comparison suggest that hydrological retention is strongly influenced by the geologic setting and alluvial characteristics of the stream catchment. Temporal variation in hydrological retention at Gallina Creek is related to seasonal changes in discharge, highlighting the need for temporal resolution in studies of the dynamics of surface water–groundwater interactions in stream ecosystems. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MODELLING RUNOFF GENERATION ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS: CAN REAL WORLD RUNOFF RESPONSES BE CAPTURED?

This paper focuses on the problem of quantifying real world catchment response using a distributed model and discusses the ability of the model to capture that response. The rainfall–runoff responses of seven small agricultural catchments in the eastern wheatbelt region of south-western Australia are examined. The variability in runoff generation and the factors that contribute to that variability (i.e. rainfall intensity, soil properties and topography) are investigated to determine if their influence can be captured in a mathematical model. The spatially distributed rainfall–runoff model used in this study is based on the TOPMODEL concepts of Beven and Kirkby (1979), and simulates runoff generation by both the infiltration excess and saturation excess mechanisms. Simulations with the model revealed the highly complex nature of catchment response to rainfall events. Runoff generation was highly heterogeneous in both space and time, with the runoff response being governed by the spatial variability of soil properties and topography, and by the temporal variation in rainfall intensity. Although the model proved capable of simulating catchment response for many events, the investigation has demonstrated that not all aspects of the variability associated with agricultural catchments (particularly the effects of land management) can be captured using this relatively simple model. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

用MODIS卫星数据来分析格陵兰海叶绿素和气溶胶光学厚度之间的关系

主要利用卫星数据MODIS Aqua研究在北极格陵兰海(10°W-10°E,70°N-85°N)2003-2009年间叶绿素a(Chl a)与气溶胶厚度(AOD)的分布以及它们之间的耦合关系.研究发现,Chl a和AOD在一定的区域里有着带有滞后期的耦合关系.同时通过统计软件EVieWS的滞后回归分析发现,Chl a滞...     

重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…     

典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以云南小江流域为例

1 Introduction Because of modifying land-cover (Turner et al., 1991) and management measures of soil (Dalal, 1986), land use changes can cause significant modifications in soil properties (Islam, 2000; Mcalister, 1998; Braimoh, 2004; Lal, 1996; Shepherd, …