土壤重金属环境质量矿物学评价方法

利用环境矿物学理论和方法阐明了土壤矿物控制重金属活动状态，具体分析了重金属在矿物表面、层间域和孔道内可能的赋存位置。实验研究结果表明，矿物吸附重金属的作用受到介质pH值、介质离子强度等因素的影响。采用系统聚类分析方法，能定量地分析稳定的硫化物结合态微量有毒有害重金属元素的数量。利用粉晶X射线衍射分析方法，能定量地测定土壤矿物组成和含量。新提出土壤环境质量矿物学方法评价流程。该方法是在利用生态地球化学方法所完成的元素总量调查成果的基础上，开展单元性与剖面性土壤矿物组成与含量测定，查明表层土壤和深层土壤的矿物组成和分布，评价土壤中重金属的赋存状态及其对食物链的影响。旨在为农业地质环境评价提供新方法，切实提高农业地质环境调查质量与服务水平。     

农牧交错带农田景观格局对土地生态环境安全的影响——以呼和浩特市为例

在GIS支持下,利用卫星遥感影像提供的信息和非遥感信息想结合的方法,获得研究区农田景观空间分布格局和生态环境现状数据资料。从区域农田生态系统特点和地区土地生态安全角度出发,通过对市域农田景观空间格局特征及其对土地生态环境安全影响的分析,显示出农田景观格局的空间差异性与破碎度高是农牧交错地区土地生态环境安全的重要影响因素。调整土地利用结构、加强地区土地整理与生态农业建设投入,是保证区域土地生态环境安全,促进区域社会经济可持续发展的主要途径。     

宁夏农地资源劳动力承载力时空分析

在建设社会主义新农村的新形势下,农业劳动力的就业和剩余劳动力的转移问题已成为中国当前面临的一个重大社会问题。运用农地资源劳动力承载力测算的理论方法,对宁夏1995-2004年间以及2004年宁夏各市县的农地资源劳动力承载力进行时空分析比较。结果表明:10年来,宁夏农地资源劳动力承载力一直处于轻度超载状态,其中北部引黄灌区各市县属承载力富余区;而南部山区各市县则属重超载区,存在着较大数量的农业剩余劳动力。因此,宁夏要建设和谐的人地关系,必须在继续加强生态环境保护、提高农地资源综合生产能力的同时,大力推进超载区农业剩余劳动力的产业转移和空间转移。     

Regional disparity in the changes of agricultural land use intensity in China during 1980–2002

Based on the cost-benefit data (1980–2002) of farm products and China Agriculture Yearbooks, this paper studies the regional disparity in the changes of the agricultural land use in China during the period 1980–2002 from three aspects such as the degree of intensity, the sown area and the abandoned farmland. The results show that: (1) The degree of intensity of land use in the western region during 1980–2000 has a strong uptrend, but in the eastern and central regions the degree of intensity descends obviously and has shown a continuous downtrend since 1997. (2) The total sown area shrinks notably in the eastern region, while it enlarges constantly in the western region. (3) The sown area in the eastern, central and western regions has gone through a similar cyclic process: down (1980–1985)–up (1985–1991)–down (1991–1994)–up (1994–1999)–down (1999–2002). However, there are obvious differences in amplitude variation and tendency among them. The sown area has shrunk in the eastern region and expanded in the central and western regions especially before 1999. (4) The most cases of abandoned farmland are reported in the central region, the second in the eastern region and the least in the western region. The abandonment phenomena chiefly occurred during 1992–1995 in the eastern region, and during 1998–2002 in the central region.     

和田市5O年来气候变化对绿洲生态环境建设的启示

总结和分析了和田市近50a来气候变化状况,发现和田市气候存在变暖、增湿、风速减少的趋势,认为绿洲生态环境与气候关系极为密切,并以其变化规律为依据,对和田市绿洲生态进一步建设问题,提出一些建议。     

High precision Fe isotope measurement and applications in aquatic environmental studies

In aquatic environment, iron redox reaction may occur through a） microbial activity and b） photo-chemistry. Iron chemistry plays a significant role in the health of aquatic ecosystems. For example, Fe^2＋ is more mobile than Fe^3＋. Iron can be bound to dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, and when Fe^2＋ is oxidized to Fe^3＋ （biotically or abiotically）, Fe is precipitated and induce co-precipitation of the DOC. Furthermore, iron is a major nutrient to aquatic organisms. Because Fe^2＋ is more bioavailable than Fe^3＋, iron redox chemistry can be a controlling factor in biological production, such as algae bloom which can be a public health concern. Experiments have shown that Fe redox reactions, biotically or abiotically, can generate significant Fe isotope fraction among different Fe species. Accordingly, analysis of Fe isotope composition of phytoplanktons can be a valuable tool in studying Fe dynamics in ecosystems. Precise measurement of Fe isotope, however, presents some challenges. Recent advances in mass spectrometry, specifically high resolution MC-ICP-MS, allow measurement of Fe isotopes free of interferences.     

Effects of climate change on relationship between water and salts of waters ecosystems in arid zone, China

The process of salinization has increased dramatically over the past several decades in the northwest arid zone of China. Soil salinization has been recognized as a major environmental problem for many years in the Tarim River Basin. It is the key issue of solving the soil salinization problem to study interaction between water and salt in arid zone, which will provide useful principle and methodology to its solution. Taking Tarim River and Bosten Lake for example, by systematically collecting the basic data of hydrogeology, meteorology, and social economy, we analyzed the interaction of water and salt of Tarim River and Bostan Lake in natural and artificial conditions in aspects of basins, oases, lakes and marshes. The results showed that： （1） Temperature and precipitation are both increasing gradually in the whole Tarim River Basin, the climate tends to be come warmer and wetter, but the water quality condition is not optimistic; （2） At the end of the 1950s, mineralization degree was less than 1.0 g/L from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the Tarim River. At present, it is more than 3.0 g/L in Alaer Lake （the upper reaches of the Tarim River） except in July, August and October, during which it is less than 1.0 g/L. In Qiala （the lower reaches）, it is more than 1.0 g/L except in March, moreover, it is about 5.0 g/L in July and December. The eco-water conveyance project implementation has still not improved Tarim River＇s water quality condition; （3） Bostan Lake was a tiny salt-water lake in the late 1950s, but the water-soil development of the oasis has aggravated the salinization in recent thirty years. Since the West Pumping Station was brought into operation in 1982, the Bostan Lake which accumulated salt has begun to be desalted. We consider that climate may not be the key factor for salinization in this area. Instead, socio-economic factors relevant to human activities should be mainly responsible for such changes, as is confirmed by our further analysis. In order to improve present situation of water-soil salinization, water resources utilization and management should be strengthened, highly efficient and water-saving irrigating technology should be spread,     

Recent progress and future directions of ChinaFLUX

The eddy covariance technique has emerged as an important tool to directly measure carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere after a long history of fundamental research and technological developments. With the realization of regional networks of flux measurements in North American, European, Asia, Brazil, Australia and Africa, a global-scale network of micrometeorological flux measurement (FLUXNET) was established in 1998. FLUXNET has made great progresses in investigating the environmental mechanisms controlling carbon and water cycles, quantifying spatial-temporal patterns of carbon budget and seeking the "missing carbon sink" in global terrestrial ecosystems in the past ten years. The global-scale flux measurement also built a platform for international communication in the fields of resource, ecology and environment sciences. With the continuous development of flux research, FLUXNET will introduce and explore new techniques to extend the application fields of flux measurement and to answer questions in the fields of bio-geography, eco-hydrology, meteorology, climate change, remote sensing and modeling with eddy covariance flux data. As an important part of FLUXNET, ChinaFLUX has made significant progresses in the past three years on the methodology and technique of eddy covariance flux measurement, on the responses of CO2 and H2O exchange between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere to environmental change, and on flux modeling development. Results showed that the major forests on the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) were all carbon sinks during 2003 to 2005, and the alpine meadows on the Tibet Plateau were also small carbon sinks. However, the reserved natural grassland, Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, was a carbon source. On a regional scale, temperature and precipitation are the primary climatic factors that determined the carbon balance in major terrestrial ecosystems in China. Finally, the current research emphasis and future directions of ChinaFLUX were presented. By combining flux network and terrestrial transect, ChinaFLUX will develop integrated research with multi-scale, multi-process, multi-subject observations, placing emphasis on the mechanism and coupling relationships between water, carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.     

Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in a farmland ecosystem in North China Plain

CO2 flux was measured continuously in a wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain using the eddy covariance technique to study the characteristic of CO2 exchange and its response to key environmental factors. The results show that nighttime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) varied exponentially with soil temperature. The temperature sensitivities of the ecosystem (Q10) were 2.94 and 2.49 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. The response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the crop field can be expressed by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Average Amax andαfor maize were more than those for wheat. The values ofαincreased positively with leaf area index (LAI) of wheat. Diurnal variations of NEE were significant from March to May and from July to September, but not remarkable in other months. NEE, GPP and ecosystem respiration (Rec) showed significantly seasonal variations in the crop field. The highest mean daily CO2 uptake rate was -10.20 and -12.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004, for the maize field, respectively, and -8.19 and -9.50 gC·m-2·d-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the wheat field, respectively. The maximal CO2 uptake appeared in April or May for wheat and mid-August for maize. During the main growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize, NEE was controlled by GPP which was chiefly influenced by PAR and LAI. Rec reached its annual maximum in July when Rec and GPP contributed to NEE equally. NEE was dominated by Rec in other months and temperature became a key factor controlling NEE. Total NEE for the wheat field was -77.6 and -152.2 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively, and -120.1 and -165.6 gC·m-2·a-1 in 2003 and 2004 for the maize field, respectively. The cropland of North China Plain was a carbon sink, with annual -197.6 and -317.9 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. After considering the carbon in grains, the cropland became a carbon source, which was 340.5 and 107.5 gC·m-2·a-1 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. Affected by climate and filed managements, inter-annual carbon exchange varied largely in the wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain.     

农业地质环境调查成果在农产品认证中的应用

在简介农业地质环境调查和中国农产品认证现状的基础上,论述了农业地质环境调查成果可为无公害农产品、绿色食品和有机食品的产地认证提供有益的补充,特别是在有机食品的产地认证中可发挥独特作用.结合萧山大青梅原产地保护认证的实践,阐明了通过农业地质环境调查建立农作物的原产地地质模型,可为原产地的地域划定提供科学依据,也可为扩大优质农作物的种植面积和调整农业产业结构提供基础资料.