Certification,good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector

Enhancing smallholder compliance with sustainability standards and good agricultural practices features prominently on the global sustainability agenda. Operating in a sector that bears intense public scrutiny, Indonesia’s oil palm smallholders are especially confronted by pressures to enhance their environmental performance. Because smallholders experience differentiated compliance barriers however, it is widely recognized that for the purpose of more effectively prioritizing and targeting the necessary intervention support, smallholder heterogeneity needs to be better understood. This is especially the case for independent – in contrast to ‘plasma’ - oil palm smallholders, for whom corporate technical, input and financial support is comparatively inaccessible. Through multivariate analysis, this article contributes to these needs by developing a typology of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesian Borneo. We subsequently model the predicted probabilities of different types of smallholders complying with Indonesia’s major national sustainability standard and select indicators of good agricultural practice. This analysis reveals structural compliance gaps, which threatens to restrict smallholder access to formal markets in future. In showing that intervention strategies to resolve these compliance gaps can be more impactful when these are adapted to smallholder livelihood assets, portfolios and strategies, this article points to the importance of more explicitly accounting for socio-economic differentiation when addressing contemporary smallholder upgrading challenges. With results however revealing how local entrepreneurs and elites complicit in regulatory evasion and illegal land encroachments play a significant role in the sub-sector, local political resistance to initiatives that aim to bring the sub-sector above board can be anticipated. This highlights how institutional building needs to be more explicitly incorporated into the design of smallholder-centric intervention strategies; through, for example, the adoption of more integrative landscape-level planning approaches.     

Influences of agricultural phenology dynamic on land surface biophysical process and climate feedback

Response and feedback of land surface process to climate change is one of the research priorities in the field of geoscience. The current study paid more attention to the impacts of global change on land surface process, but the feedback of land surface process to climate change has been poorly understood. It is becoming more and more meaningful under the framework of Earth system science to understand systematically the relationships between agricultural phenology dynamic and biophysical process, as well as the feedback on climate. In this paper, we summarized the research progress in this field, including the fact of agricultural phenology change, parameterization of phenology dynamic in land surface progress model, the influence of agricultural phenology dynamic on biophysical process, as well as its feedback on climate. The results showed that the agriculture phenophase, represented by the key phenological phases such as sowing, flowering and maturity, had shifted significantly due to the impacts of climate change and agronomic management. The digital expressions of land surface dynamic process, as well as the biophysical process and atmospheric process, were improved by coupling phenology dynamic in land surface model. The agricultural phenology dynamic had influenced net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, albedo, temperature, precipitation, circulation, playing an important role in the surface energy partitioning and climate feedback. Considering the importance of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface biophysical process and climate feedback, the following research priorities should be stressed: (1) the interactions between climate change and land surface phenology dynamic; (2) the relations between agricultural phenology dynamic and land surface reflectivity at different spectrums; (3) the contributions of crop physiology characteristic changes to land surface biophysical process; (4) the regional differences of climate feedbacks from phenology dynamic in different climate zones. This review is helpful to accelerate understanding of the role of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface process and climate feedback.     

太湖上游流域农业土地的氮剩余及其对湖泊富营养化的影响

太湖上游流域农业土地中氮的剩余对太湖的富营养化具有至关重要的影响．利用2002年各乡镇的农业统计资料,对上游流域农业土地中氮的剩余量进行计算．计算结果表明,上游流域农业土地中氮的剩余总量为134．8×103t/a,单位农业土地面积的剩余量为178．9 kg/(hm2·a)．从单位面积氮剩余量的空间变化看,东、西苕溪流域的剩余量较低,而其它流域的剩余量相对较高．借助典型区域氮剩余的长系列计算数据,对上游地区氮剩余的长期变化规律进行分析．并在此基础上,探讨太湖的富营养化演变趋势与氮剩余长期变化的关系．     

基于能值理论的奈曼旗农业生态经济系统可持续性分析

应用能值分析理论与方法对奈曼旗农业生态经济系统的能值流进行分析,通过典型能值分析指标的计算对其系统可持续性进行评估。结果表明：奈曼旗农业生态经济系统2004年能值投入总量为1.47E+21 sej(solar energy joules),不可更新环境资源和不可更新工业辅助能投入分别占26.11％和35.78％;系统能值产出为3.23E+21 sej,其中畜牧业能值产出比重高达72.52％。2004年系统农业经济发展水平和农牧民生活质量低于中国2000年农业的平均水平,但系统净能值产出率较高,在争取经济输入能值方面具有优势。系统可持续水平高于2000年全国农业生态系统的可持续水平,但不可更新环境资源的大量损耗给该地区农业的可持续发展带来了隐患。2000—2004年期间系统能值投入中工业辅助能投入比重逐年增加,相应的农业生态经济系统能值产出增长了78％,其中畜牧业能值产出增长了104.10％。在农业经济水平和农牧民生活水平稳步提高的同时,系统的环境负载率逐年上升,能值可持续性指数有下降趋势。     

Spatiotemporal features of farmland scaling and the mechanisms that underlie these changes within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Discussions regarding the functional transformation of agricultural utilization and the mechanisms that underlie these changes within the Three Gorges Reservoir...     

农业产业集群创新通道及溢出效应——以山东寿光蔬菜产业集群为例

农业产业集群创新是多种关系集聚作用的过程,而现代农业集群发展离不开地方与全球背景下的前后联系,因此研究地方与全球联系下的农业集群创新及其溢出效应具有重要的理论与现实意义。论文以山东寿光蔬菜产业集群为例,利用实地调研数据,运用社会网络分析法和空间计量模型分析集群创新联系的作用通道及溢出效应,研究表明：① 集群地方联系包含强关系的本地企业网络和弱关系的官产学研网络,其中本地企业网络集聚现象较突出,企业间联系紧密,两关系网络中核心企业对资源信息均具有较强控制作用;② 全球通道作为集群外部弱联系,网络联系密度较低,其网络整体显示出结构洞特征,且网络核心节点企业对海外异质性资源表现出较强控制性。在测度集群创新溢出效应方面,空间误差模型较其他模型更优,其中集群本地企业联系、企业间空间邻近、全球关系通道在集群创新中均会起到一定促进作用。进一步机理分析表明,地方联系和全球关系通道在集群创新中发挥着不同的作用,其强弱关系互动是异质性创新资源扩散、吸收与利用的关键。     

Sustainable Agriculture in the “Belt and Road” Region in Conjunction with the Sustainable Development Goals

The countries along the “Belt and Road” (B&R) should devote their efforts to top-level planning in the field of agriculture, so as to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in the region. This will require a precise assessment of the sustainability of agriculture along the B&R. With a view to understanding the concept of sustainable agriculture along the B&R, combined with the interpretation of the agricultural objectives contained in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study uses statistical regression analysis and trend prediction to predict the social and economic development trends in terms of economic growth and urbanization in the countries along the B&R up until 2030, and the corresponding impacts on agricultural resources and the environment. The results show that the future prospects for agricultural resources and the environment along the B&R are not promising, and meeting the future food security needs of the region will be difficult. Only by adopting innovative policies and implementing strategic planning can the goals of sustainable agricultural development and food security by 2030 be achieved in this region. Therefore, countries along the B&R should formulate agricultural development strategies from three aspects: building an agricultural cooperation platform, setting up special funds, and innovating the agricultural cooperation mode, so as to achieve the sustainable development of agriculture in the region.     

京津冀农业劳动力及其老龄化研究

京津冀地区作为中国经济发展的重要区域之一,其农村地区农业劳动力的减少与老龄化已成为关系农业、农村与农民利益的重要问题。为此,本文对京津冀地区县域农业劳动力数量与其老龄化的时空演变进行了分析,探讨了农业劳动力数量与其老龄化之间的耦合关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下京津冀不同县域农业劳动力及其老龄化的特征,提出不同类型未来农业劳动力的发展方向,拓宽了乡村地理学的研究视角。结果表明：① 京津冀地区农业劳动力数量整体呈下降趋势,北京周边和东部沿海地区农业劳动力数量下降趋势明显;② 农业劳动力的年龄整体呈老龄化趋势,北部地区老龄化程度最为严重;③ 京津冀县域农业劳动力数量与农业劳动力老龄化程度的耦合特征可划分为慢速-轻度老龄化、慢速-重度老龄化、快速-深度老龄化、快速-中度老龄化四大类型区。     

朝鲜族的跨国迁移对移民迁出地社会空间的影响——以延吉市饮食街为例

朝鲜族的跨国迁移,一直是研究朝鲜族人口流动的重要部分。选择延吉市烟集街内的餐饮商户为研究对象,以问卷调查和深入访谈的方法,针对该区域内跨国迁移的朝鲜族商户进行研究,通过实际案例解析,得到以下结论:朝鲜族的跨国迁移以经济需求为主导因素,归国创业则是亲情、乡愁、婚姻等社会网络的综合作用,并由此提高移民迁出地的社会空间的消费需求和经济增长,丰富了移民迁出地的餐饮方式和消费文化,为打造多元化社会景观和社会空间提供了基础。     

Does wetland watershed land use influence amphibian larval development? A relevant effect of agriculture on biota

Agriculture practices have been widely proposed as the major cause of amphibian population decline. However, the majority of these results have been based on laboratory experiments. The present study was conducted to test the repercussion of wetland sediment provenance on amphibian larval development.Bufo bufo larvae were used in two dif ferent treatments in an outdoor experiment, the ?rst one using sediment from one wetland surrounded by intensive agricultural practices, and the second using sediment with no record of agrochemical uses. A negative ef fect was observed in the agricultural treatment, from subcellular to individual level. The results showed that the sediment from agricultural practices watershed generates a reduction in survival. Furthermore, individuals that developed under this treatment showed a lower total length and a delay in the time necessary to complete metamorphosis; these features are connected with recruitment success. In the same way, biochemical analysis showed high values of lipid peroxidation in metamorphs developing in sediments from an agricultural area. Finally, the results obtained highlight the importance of considering the sediments, not only the water, as origin treatment, allowing us to understand the consequences on amphibian populations that inhabit areas af fected by intensive agriculture.