Community Stories: Explaining Resistance to Street Tree-Planting Programs in Detroit,Michigan, USA

Non-profit organizations are key actors in urban and community forestry (UCF) initiatives, and sometimes city residents resist their efforts. Between 2011-2014, 24 percent of residents offered a street tree in Detroit, Michigan, USA submitted a “no-tree request.” Differing views on decision-making emerged as a main reason for resistance to tree planting. This study used interviews with city residents, and those within a non-profit organization, between 2014-2016 to understand reasons for conflict over decision-making between these groups. Heritage narratives, or selective representations of the city’s history and character, helped explain conflict over tree planting. Residents who wanted greater decision-making power in tree planting assumed they would be responsible for stewardship, reflecting their historical experiences within the city. The organization’s dominant heritage narrative emphasized that residents held misperceptions of trees based on negative past experiences, and required education on benefits of trees. Recommendations for integrating heritage narratives into UCF efforts are provided.     

拟建中国遂宁地质公园地质遗迹资源特色及成因分析

拟建中国遂宁地质公园位于四川盆地中部腹地,处于川中平缓褶皱带,侏罗纪地层层序发育相对完整,广泛出露侏罗系中统沙溪庙组、侏罗系上统遂宁组和蓬莱镇组地层。公园地形东部较高,逐渐向西北倾伏,总体构造方向近东西向,在大地构造上属于蓬莱镇背斜中段北翼,以发育构造变形幅度较小的平缓褶皱构造为主,断裂构造较少发育,天然气、岩盐、卤水等沉积矿产丰富。古生物化石、地层剖面和重要采矿遗址成为了公园三大主导地质遗迹。本文通过对公园内古生物化石、地层剖面和盐卤资源的成因进行分析研究,从区域地层年代划分、地层对比,古环境、古地理、古气候重建,探究四川盆地侏罗纪古地理格局与古生态环境变迁、古生物演化等方面,为提升地质公园的科学内涵与科研价值、发挥其科学普及功能提供重要的参考资料。     

身体地理学视角下非物质文化遗产的传承与实践

以人为本体、主体、载体、活体的非物质文化遗产实际上是一种“身体遗产”,身体在非物质文化遗产的形塑中发挥着根基性作用。本文选取展演型非物质文化遗产项目——广州沙涌村鳌鱼舞及其传承人为研究对象,引入身体地理学的理论分析视角,对非物质文化遗产传承人训练与展演的时空过程进行历时性考察,剖析传承人身体技术的形成过程和展演时空中的具身体验,探讨传承人在此过程中身体与感情相互影响的机制。研究发现：① 在训练时空中,传承人利用身体知识衍生出的权力关系主导了特定空间中的规训关系,不同级别的传承人具有不同的知识权力,一定的规训关系由此形成。青少年传承人与成年传承人间的情绪体验均受到规训关系和自身生物特性等多重因素的影响。地方特定的社会文化是规训关系顺利运作的主要原因。② 在展演时空中,身体是传承人多感官体验的核心。传承人通过身体感知特定的展演环境,基于“凝视”与“被凝视”的视觉关系,辅以声音的节奏韵律,与观众建立起了有效的感情交流途径,从而达到主体和客体间的有效互动。传承人的身体是非物质文化遗产得以成功传承和顺利展演的前提与保证,承载了丰厚的地方历史文化,在多主体和多层次的复杂时空网络中占据着中心地位。     

地理要素在传统无形文化传承中的空间印迹——以山西省非物质文化遗产为例

传统无形文化传承受到地理环境的影响。基于山西1519项非物质文化遗产项目位置信息和DEM、气象、河流、人口、经济、古道等基础数据,以ArcGIS 10.3地形分析、缓冲区分析、时间成本距离等获取山西自然、经济、社会、历史地理环境的多维属性,并提取非遗点地理信息,采用非遗密度、区位商和地理探测器分析非遗分布对地理环境响应的差异。研究结论：① 自然地理环境对非遗分布起基础作用。非遗偏好低中海拔、坡度<5°、平原盆地台地、临河、10℃以上积温≥ 3000 ℃、年均降水量≥ 500 mm地区。② 在人文地理环境中,非遗对交通环境的响应最高。非遗集中分布在县级行政中心2 h、市级行政中心4 h公路通行圈。县/区人口越多,非遗越多;五成多非遗位于乡村。在人口超过50万的区县,非遗主要集聚于建成区;在人口小于20万的区县,大部分非遗则分散在乡村。非遗分布与地区经济相关性不明显,非遗高度集聚区位于古代高级政、商中心。③ 非遗对地理环境的响应具有要素综合性、尺度差异性和空间异质性。     

An ecosystem-based framework for governance and management of maritime cultural heritage in the USA

A new federal administration, alongside initiatives proposed by the President's US Commission on Ocean Policy, provides a timely and critical opportunity for maritime archaeologists and cultural resource managers to re-consider management frameworks for maritime cultural heritage in the USA. Policy is urgently needed that defines governments’ roles and responsibilities in protecting and managing maritime cultural heritage in federal waters. Implementation of a regional governance structure based on the tenets of ecosystem-based management is proposed in this paper to manage and develop these resources effectively. Through regional governance, the maritime heritage of the USA can be conserved for future generations, keeping its citizens connected to deep-rooted maritime traditions and contribute to the well-being, economic growth and development of coastal communities.     

地方性知识、主客互动与居民幸福感——对江郎山世界自然遗产地的实证研究

基于地方性知识和主客互动理论,以世界自然遗产地江郎山的当地居民为研究对象,构建了遗产地居民的地方性知识、主客互动及幸福感之间的关系模型,以回答拥有地方性知识能否促进当地居民获得幸福感及如何促进幸福感获取的问题。研究表明,知识越丰富的旅游地居民越容易获得生活、工作、心理与人际等方面的幸福感,强调了地方性知识对遗产地旅游发展的重要性,且证明了主客互动能够在地方性知识与幸福感之间搭建桥梁,发挥中介的作用。文章在理论上探讨了地方性知识在居民幸福感形成中的作用,且从主客互动的视角解释了地方性知识提升居民幸福感的机理;实践上,强调培养地方性知识和提高主客互动质量在提升遗产地居民幸福感中的重要性。     

国际海底区域环境保护制度分析与中国实践

为促进国际海底区域资源开发和环境保护的协调可持续发展,提高我国在相关领域的话语权和执行力,文章系统分析国际海底区域环境保护制度的发展特征及其存在的问题,总结我国对国际海底区域环境保护的实践和展望,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:国际海底区域环境保护制度经历萌芽、成形、发展和充实4个阶段,发展特征主要包括理念的更新、原则的完善以及义务和责任的明确,然而至今在规章环境保护条款、《联合国海洋法公约》非缔约国的环境保护权责和相关利益平衡等方面仍存在问题;我国从参与制定相关制度和开展国内法探索等方面积极实践国际海底区域环境保护;未来应从制定环境保护标准、探索政策环境和平衡各方利益等方面完善国际海底区域环境保护制度,我国应继续参与相关国际法律制度的制定以及完善国内海洋环境保护制度。     

The Mittagong Maltings: history,cultural significance and conservation

The Maltings at Mittagong in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales is a disused industrial site offering a challenging opportunity for adaptive re‐use. The complex operated between 1899 and 1980. Over the last decade there have been proposals to rehabilitate the buildings for new uses, but economic circumstances have intervened. This paper has several sets of objectives. The first is to provide an outline history of The Maltings, establish its place in the context of the general history of brewing and malting in NSW, and document the physical evolution of the site. The second, taking the discussion into the applied realm, is to explore the environmental heritage value of the complex, distilled in a concise statement of significance. The third objective is to illustrate how the process of historical research and heritage assessment can help identify general conservation principles which should be observed in any future development of the site. The paper provides a case study of the application of historical‐geographical research to broader objectives of heritage assessment and conservation planning.     

Earthquake Hazard in Italy, 2001–2030

The study computes time-dependant earthquake probabilities on the basis of seismicity data mainly deriving from historic records. It provides a methodological approach useful for those countries where the scarcity of instrumental data and/or paleoseismological evidences requires that historical information shall be stressed. Thus, the conditional probability that damaging earthquakes (M ≥ 6) may occur in Italy in the next 30 years is shown, and the potential for the main worldwide known Italian cities with a cultural heritage is outlined. Earthquake probabilities are computed referring to the application of renewal processes, where the periodicity is analytically modelled by means of the Brownian Passage Time function; an estimate of the dispersion (i.e., uncertainty) introduced on probabilities is provided making use of Monte Carlo simulations. The computed probabilities refer to seismic source zones deriving from the spatial clustering of the historically documented seismicity. The computation of probabilities based on the interaction of earthquakes occurring in nearby zones, has been also attempted for a test area to explore the influence exerted by the stress transfer effect. The main findings of this study are that (1) seismic source zones in Southern Italy are the most prone to experience damaging earthquakes in the next 30-years, with conditional probabilities a large as 10%; and (2) the influence exerted by the earthquake interaction in increasing such probabilities, doesn’t seem to be relevant, because the mean recurrence times of large earthquakes (above the threshold magnitude of six chosen in this study) are in general much longer than the time shortening produced by the stress transfer.     

Managing side effects of cultural tourism development: The case of Zhouzhuang

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