Nonlinear morphological characteristics of debris flow in Dongcheng area of Helong,Jilin

Helong City is located in the northeastern Changbai Mountain with a poor geological environment, there often occur debris flows, collapses and landslides; especially debris flows restrict the local economic development. Based on fractal theory and the surveying data of 34 debris flows, the authors studied fractal feature of debris flow gully and its various situations of fractal dimensions in different observation scales. The nonlinear relation reveals the development of non-uniformity and self similarity of debris flow gully     

简化数字地形分析软件(SimDTA)及其应用——以嫩江流域鹤山农场区的坡位模糊分类为例

为了在精细尺度下定量刻画地形特征,给地理建模提供更准确的定量地形参数,克服当今应用领域中常用商业软件的局限性,本研究讨论了面向栅格DEM的"简化数字地形分析软件"(SimDTA 1.0版本)。SimDTA实现了诸多计算局域和区域地形属性、定量描述地形部位信息的现有算法,以及新建算法。例如,针对一个实际的应用问题--坡位模糊分类,采用以坡位典型位置作为原型的新思路,在SimDTA中,实现了一个新的坡位模糊分类方法,能够克服现有其他方法忽略空间位置信息等问题。这一坡位模糊分类方法和SimDTA中实现的其他功能相结合,形成了一套完整的坡位模糊分类流程。本文通过在东北嫩江流域一个小区的实际应用和讨论来体现SimDTA的有效性和实用性。     

基于拓扑优化与多目标优化的集装箱相似畸变模型设计

使用相似原理构建缩尺模型是探究大型结构性能的最基本和最优途径。基于PATRAN软件的PCL语言与ISIGHT软件,提出一种联合静动力学、拓扑优化与多目标优化的集装箱相似畸变模型构建方法。利用拓扑优化的SIMP法(Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization)得到缩尺集装箱墙壁结构的最优材料分布,既保证了结构性能又降低了缩尺模型的重量;基于全局多目标算法建立优化模型,采用有限元方法对集装箱性能进行分析,以结构刚度和一阶模态频率为目标函数进行寻优,得到相似模型的最优设计参数。最终利用有限元分析验证该模型的合理性。结果表明:该方法具有一定的通用性,能为其它类似结构的相似模型构建提供参考。     

Nonlinear morphologica l characteristics of debris flow in Dongcheng area of Helong, Jilin

Helong City is located in the northeastern Changbai Mountain with a poor geological environment, there often occur debris flows, collapses and landslides; especially debris flows restrict the local economic development. Based on fractal theory and the surveying data of 34 debris flows, the authors studied fractal feature of debris flow gully and its various situations of fractal dimensions in different observation scales. The nonlinear relation reveals the development of non-uniformity and self similarity of debris flow gully.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.     

Douglas-Peucker算法全自动化的多尺度空间相似关系方法

地图综合本质上是空间相似变换,研究Douglas-Peucker算法及其参数的设置,实质是研究算法的最佳距离阈值与尺度变化间的定量关系,但目前二者关系未知,导致参数设置及化简结果的选择主观性强。为此,提出以多尺度线要素空间相似关系为契合点,利用阈值参数寻优原理确定二者间定量关系,以实现基于DP算法线要素的全自动化简。结果表明：① 二次函数是描述最佳距离阈值与尺度变化间定量关系的最优函数;② 针对来源于相同地理特征区,如长江下游平原,的线要素可行,利用同一最佳距离阈值可实现基于DP算法线要素的全自动化简,且化简结果与已有成果数据吻合度较高;而来源于不同地理特征区域,如长江下游平原和江淮平原,的线要素,用同一最佳距离阈值化简是不合理。因此,应选择不同的最佳距离阈值,以实现不同地理特征区域线要素的DP算法全自动化简。     

Flow dynamics at the continental scale: Streamflow correlation and hydrological similarity

Streamflow variability in space and time critically affects anthropic water uses and ecosystem services. Unfortunately, spatiotemporal patterns of flow regimes are often unknown, as discharge measurements are usually recorded at a limited number of hydrometric stations unevenly distributed along river networks. Advances in understanding the physical processes that control the spatial patterns of river flows are therefore necessary to predict water availability at ungauged locations or to extrapolate pointwise streamflow observations. This work explores the use of the spatial correlation of river flows as a metric to quantify the similarity between hydrological responses of two catchments. Following a stochastic framework, 340,000 cross‐correlations between pairs of daily streamflows time series are predicted at a seasonal timescale across the contiguous United States using 413 catchments of the MOPEX dataset. Model predictions of streamflow correlation obtained in absence of run‐off information are successfully used to identify catchment outlets sharing similar discharge dynamics and flow regimes across a broad range of geomorphoclimatic conditions, without relying on calibration. The selection of reference streamgauges based on predicted streamflow correlation generally outperforms the selection based on spatial proximity, especially as the density of available gauged sections decreases. Interestingly, correlated outlets share a broad spectrum of hydrological signatures (mean discharge, flow variability, and recession properties), suggesting that catchments forced by analogous frequency and intensity of effective rainfall events might exhibit common geomorphoecological traits leading to similar hydrological responses. The proposed framework provides a physical basis to assist the regionalization of flow dynamics and to interpret the spatial variability of flow regimes along stream networks.     

A Waveform Similarity Approach to Investigate Seismicity Patterns

the temporal and spatial evolution of seismicity, a simple cross-correlation technique was applied to a waveform data set of western Alps earthquakes. A selection of events recorded by a reference station of the regional seismic network of North-Western Italy (IGG network) within a particular S-P range was used. The adopted method was tested on 380 events recorded in 1995, allowing for the definition of the critical parameters for an optimal identification of earthquake families.The comparison of the individuated families definition with the relevant epicentres map confirms that, on small scales, the epicentre positions of microearthquakes located by a regional network could be strongly influenced by location errors. The analysis was extended to a more complete data set of 2653 events; 1171 of them were grouped in families. The results demonstrated that our single station method is able to discriminate between closely spaced families on the basis of the position and of the radiation properties.     

Diurnal Variations of Thermal Roughness Height over a Grassland

The thermal roughness height associated with the surface radiation temperature has been previously found to vary between different surface types. This study finds that the thermal roughness height varies diurnally even over a homogeneous senescent grassland. The corresponding roughness length for momentum is relatively constant.Both the aerodynamic temperature and the surface radiation temperature are found to be closely related to the air temperature in the middle of the grass canopy. However, the aerodynamic temperature is strongly influenced by the horizontally integrated heat transfer, while the surface radiation temperature represents the integrated thermal emission through the grass depth within the field of view of the radiometer. The aerodynamic temperature is less sensitive to variations and measurement errors in sensible heat flux, wind speed, and air temperature than the thermal roughness height. We find that formulating the aerodynamic temperature in terms of the surface radiation temperature is better posed for use in the bulk formula than using the surface radiation temperature directly and adjusting the thermal roughness length.     

Interpretation of Crown Radiation Temperatures of a Dense Douglas fir Forest with Similarity Theory

Infrared crown radiation temperatures as observed over a dense Douglas fir forest are analyzed in the context of similarity theory and the concept of transport resistances. As such we obtain a rather high value of the roughness length for heat, which is about equal to the roughness length for momentum. This value can be explained by the more efficient transport of heat relative to momentum in the roughness sublayer of the forest. Correcting for this effect we arrive at the classic value for homogeneous terrain of about 0.1 times the roughness length for momentum. For unstable cases the presence of enhanced mixing of heat in the roughness sublayer leads to a modified integral stability function for the dimensionless potential temperature difference between the surface and the top of the roughness sublayer. The observations give some evidence for this different stability behaviour. The analysis suggests that during daytime the radiative surface temperature and the aerodynamic surface temperature are not significantly different when used to estimate fluxes. Daytime trunk space air temperature is satisfactory parameterized with the concept of gusts and with surface renewal analysis. As such it is related to the sensible heat flux and the storage heat flux. Night time radiation temperatures at times strongly deviate from the expected behaviour based on similarity theory and the roughness length for heat, suggesting that the concept of a single surface temperature is too simple for such cases.