Older People and Transitions from Employment to Nonemployment: International Perspectives and Policy Issues

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has identified population aging as one of the most important challenges facing OECD countries and has highlighted the need for people to work longer and for job prospects for older workers to be enhanced. This article provides a summary review of a recent OECD report, Ageing and Employment Policies—Live Longer, Work Longer, as a platform to highlight differences between countries in demographic profiles and projections and in patterns of formal labor market participation among older workers. Drawing on selected information from a broader evidence base, it unveils important differences between countries in the scale of demographic and associated labor market challenges. It also explores factors affecting labor market transitions among older workers and age-related and other barriers to paid work among older people, emphasizing the diversity of experience between individuals. Finally, it highlights some strategic challenges for policy.     

Combining AHP with GIS in synthetic evaluation of environmental suitability for living in China's 35 major cities

There are nearly 700 cities in China, each with their own particular characteristics of natural environment quality and rates of economic development. When people are able to choose a city to live in, they will take into account these characteristics in order to improve their lifestyles. Based on geographic information system technology and the analytic hierarchy process method, a model of the living environment suitability index (LESI) for the larger cities of China was designed. The LESI was constructed by using the factors of economic condition, convenience and livable degree, natural environment and natural resources. The LESI model was then applied to compare the living conditions in 35 major cities in China in 2007, including 30 provincial capitals and 5 sub-provincial cities. LESI values were higher for cities in southeast China than for cities in the northwest. The highest LESI values were mainly distributed along the Chinese southeast coast and the Yangtze River Delta. Cities with the lowest LESI values were found in the centre and north of China. Of the 35 cities, 4 had highly suitable living environments and 7 had unsuitable living environments.     

加拿大老年人口状况及发展态势

采用加拿大2006年人口普查资料,结合旅居加国的经历,统计分析了加拿大老年人口的发展趋势和现状.分析显示:加拿大老年人口前期(1921-1981年)增长慢,后期(2001—2006年)增长快,老年人口数量中,女性比男性多,寿命比男性长,老年人口分布集中在安大略省;人口老龄化发展过程给社会带来了一系列问题,老龄化使政府和企业的养老负担日益加重,瞻养率大幅度下降,政府每年支付养老金及医疗费用的数量增加,导致劳动力市场压力增大,劳动资源不足.文中还介绍了人口专家为解决加国人口老龄化问题所提出的建议和对策,以及加拿大政府在老年人口养老与医疗方面的一些做法,认为值得中国借鉴.     

基于生物资源的万山海洋牧场生境适宜性评估

万山群岛海域生态环境日益恶化、渔业资源持续衰退,因此建设万山群岛海洋牧场,修复海域生态环境、实现渔业资源可持续利用迫在眉睫。针对现阶段基于海洋生物资源的海洋牧场适宜性评估的研究较少,本研究利用渔业资源调查和全球物种数据库记录数据及13个环境因素数据,采用物种分布模型MaxEnt对选择的白姑鱼、日本金线鱼、红星梭子蟹和浅缝骨螺潜在分布区进行预测,探讨海洋生物地理分布与海洋环境因素之间的关系进而进行万山海洋牧场生境适宜性评估,结果表明:(1)各模型AUC值均大于0.9,说明构建的模型对这些物种潜在分布的模拟效果较好,后续可采用MaxEnt模型对4种生物的栖息地分布区进行预测;(2)海底浮游植物密度、海底温度以及海底硅酸盐浓度是影响这4种海洋生物栖息地分布的关键环境因子;(3)基于该4种海洋物种MaxEnt模型的HSI分布区所存在重叠区域来看,海洋牧场拟建设区域应为纬度21.85°N~22.15°N,经度113.6°E~114.2°E。研究结果可为万山海洋牧场规划和建设提供科学依据。     

Natural environment suitability for human settlements in China based on GIS

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

基于GIS的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization, human environment has attracted great attention worldwide. This paper sets up the Human Settle-ments Environment Index (HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology. The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general, HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient (r) between them reaches 0.93, which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution. Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability. The total suitable area is 430.47×104> km2, which ac-counts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China, while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%. With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer, the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China. The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million. The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

强夯-降水联合加固饱和软粘土地基试验研究

针对强夯法加固饱和软粘土地基时超静孔压消散难和易出现“橡皮土”的问题,提出将强夯和井点降水技术结合起来,利用井点降水技术来加速夯后超静孔压的消散和软土固结,并结合上海市某集装箱堆场工程中土部为吹填细砂、下部为饱和软粘土的地基进行了现场试验研究,对加固过程以及加固后的土体变形、超静孔压变化、工艺参数、加固效果和加固后土体的时间效应以及强夯的加固机理等进行了分析和讨论。强夯和井点降水技术的合理结合进一步拓宽了井点降水和强夯法的应用范围,为我国沿海地区广为分布的软土地基的加固问题提供了新的途径。     

大连城市居住适宜性的空间评价

为创造更好、更适宜人们居住、生活和工作的空间,不断提高市民的生活质量,选择城市的生活方便性、健康性、居住安全性、环境舒适度和出行方便性等为指标,在问卷调查量化数据的基础上,采用层次分析法和Q型聚类分析方法,从行政区和不同功能片区两个角度,进行了大连城市居住适宜性空间评价,以期为大连城市建设提供参考。研究表明:大连城市居住适宜性以位于市区政治经济商业中心的区域得分最高,西、北部市郊结合部排名最后,部分远郊区宜居性虽然较好,但各指标分值差异却很大。总体而言,大连城市宜居性在空间格局上体现出由中心城区向外围逐渐降低、差异程度变大的特性,该空间特征分析结论与行政区评价结果具有很好的一致性。     

海南岛土地生态适宜性评价

以海南岛为例,在区域层面上选择高度、地形坡度、土地覆被等影响工业用地的关键因子,构建工业用地的生态适宜程度评价模型,并在G IS技术支持下进行工业用地生态经济适宜性评价,为将来区域工业开发区及重点工业项目布局提供依据。结果表明:海南工业用地生态适宜性呈现出由中部山地向四周逐渐增强,限制利用区占25%,不适宜利用区占28%,基本适宜区占41%,优先利用区占5%。其中优先利用区主要分布在西部和北部沿海地带,海口、儋州和东方及其连线一带应成为海南省未来工业用地布局的重点区域。     

上高县紫皮大蒜种植气候适宜性区划

基于紫皮大蒜生长周期和当地农业气象条件,得到上高县紫皮大蒜气候适宜性指标：10—11月的最低气温、10月至次年4月的平均气温和平均降水量以及2—4月的累计日照时数。利用1970—2020年宜春市和新余市辖区内共12个地面观测站的气象资料,采用GIS建立上高县紫皮大蒜种植区划因子地理空间分析模型。依据分区等级指标,将上高县划分为最适宜、一般适宜和不适宜3个紫皮大蒜气候种植区。