水源热泵井回灌堵塞颗粒迁移模型的建立

以地下水源热泵井回灌中的物理堵塞问题作为研究背景,建立基于质量平衡方程来模拟多孔介质中颗粒的迁移方程和颗粒的沉积造成孔隙损伤的数学模型。该模型充分考虑了颗粒流动速度修正系数、孔隙率修正系数以及颗粒在孔隙里发生捕获率3个因素;模型的建立考虑孔隙率变化的情况,在物质的迁移和堵塞的过程中,孔隙率的变化往往也是个动态的变化过程;与传统的过滤模型相比,考虑了速度折减系数和流量折减系数后新建模型更加系统、全面。该模型为解决回灌井物理堵塞的室内外试验研究提供理论依据。     

Early Devonian synorogenic alluvial-fan deposits of the Maccullochs Range,western New South Wales

The Early Devonian, Maccullochs Range beds (new) of the Winduck Interval largely comprise non-marine fine-grained sheet-flood-deposited sandstones which lie in the southeast sector of the Darling Basin Conjugate Fault System. Deposition of the >2.5 km-thick sequence occurred on the Wilcannia, Towers and Coolabah Bore alluvial fans, that were sourced largely from lightly indurated sandstone caps overlying a large basement high lying north of the Darling River Lineament, and also from west of Maccullochs Range (Coolabah Bore Fan). Four lithofacies are recognised. Lithofacies 1, massive sandstone, is proximal and was deposited from hyperconcentrated sheet floods. The more distal lithofacies 2 is partly massive, partly laminated and partly affected by soft sediment slumping during its deposition. It contains 1.3 – 3.5 m-thick sheet-flood successions that rarely show cross-bedding. Lithofacies 3 and 4 are minor: lithofacies 3, stream-flood deposited, comprises coarse-grained, pebbly sandstone and lithofacies 4, transient playa lake deposits that are locally intercalated with lithofacies 2. In lithofacies 2, thick massive fine-grained sandstone is commonly overlain by laminated sandstone that was deformed when soft. Incised channel deposits in lithofacies 2 deposits are rare and palaeosols were not discovered. Permanency of the positions of two of the alluvial fans, and by inference their feeder streams, remained unchanged for ～9 million years. The fans overlie probable floodplain deposits observed in a quarry in the easternmost part of the study area. Marine fossils are very minor in the range—the brachiopod Howellella jaqueti at one locality indicates an Early Devonian age for one of the brief marine incursions into what was normally an alluvial-fan environment. Very brief marine incursions elsewhere in the group are deduced from the presence of very rare fossil gastropods.     

岩石、土壤样品中210Po测定方法的研究

研究了以铜箔为镀片时,自沉积总α计数法定量测定岩石、土壤样品中210Po的最佳制源环境、同位素的干扰和去除、共存元素的允许量以及适宜的溶(熔)矿方法,同时研究了银、铜两种镀片的区别。试验发现,当盐酸浓度为2.0mol/L,恒温80℃,振荡频率为180次/min、振程20mm时,制源2.0h,210Po自镀回收率在99.6%～100.4%之间,210Po加入量与α净计数率线性相关系数为0.9999。放置衰变法可以消除212Bi和218Po等短半衰期核素对210Po测量产生的影响,Vc存在时其它共存元素不干扰测定。方法配合HNO3HFHClO4溶矿(对复杂试样酸溶后的不溶渣,再进行碱熔),全程回收率为99.5%～100.4%。     

制造金刚石钻头的快速电镀法研究

总结了两年多来采用较高电流密度法制造金刚石钻头的经验,运用快速电镀法制造金刚石钻头不仅大大提高了生产效率,而且提高了金刚石钻头的质量。     

The stability of a remediated bed in Hamilton Harbour,Lake Ontario,Canada

ABSTRACT In situ measurements of lakebed sediment erodibility were made on three sites in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, using the benthic flume Sea Carousel. Three methods of estimating the surface erosion threshold (τ_c(0)) from a Carousel time series were evaluated: the first method fits measures of bed strength to eroded depth (the failure envelope) and evaluates threshold as the surface intercept; the second method regresses mean erosion rate (E_m) with bed shear stress and solves for the floc erosion rate (E_f) to derive the threshold for E_m = E_f = 1 × 10^?5 kg m^?2 s^?1; the third method extrapolates a regression of suspended sediment concentration (S) and fluid transmitted bed shear stress (τ₀) to ambient concentrations. The first field site was undisturbed (C) and acted as a control; the second (W) was disturbed through ploughing and water injection as part of lakebed treatment, whereas the third site (OIP) was disturbed and injected with an oxidant used for remediation of contaminated sediment. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the three different methods of deriving erosion threshold; (2) to compare the physical behaviour of lacustrine sediments with their marine estuarine counterparts; and (3) to examine the effects of ploughing and chemical treatment of contaminated sediment on bed stability. Five deployments of Sea Carousel were carried out at the control site. Mean erosion thresholds for the three methods were: τ_c(0) = 0·5 (±0·06), 0·27 (±0·01) and 0·34 (±0·03) Pa respectively. Method 1 overpredicted bed strength as it was insensitive to effects in the surface 1–2 mm, and the fit of the failure envelope was also highly subjective. Method 2 exhibited a wide scatter in the data (low correlation coefficients), and definition of the baseline erosion rate (E_f) is largely arbitrary in the literature. Method 3 yielded stable (high correlation coefficients), reproducible and objective results and is thus recommended for evaluation of the erosion threshold. The results of this method correlated well with sediment bulk density and followed the same trend as marine counterparts from widely varying sites. Mass settling rates, expressed as a decay constant, k, of S(t), were strongly related to the maximum turbidity at the onset of settling (S_max) and were also in continuity with marine counterparts. Thus, it appears that differences in salinity had little effect on mass settling rates in the examples presented, and that biological activity dominated any effects normally attributable to changes in salinity. Bedload transport of eroded aggregates (2–4 mm in diameter) took place by rolling below a mean tangential flow velocity (U_y) of 0·32 ms^?1 and by saltation at higher velocities. Mass transport as bedload was a maximum at U_y = 0·4 ms^?1, although bedload never exceeded 1% of the suspended load. The proportion of material moving as bedload was greatest at the onset of erosion but decreased as flow competence increased. Given the low bulk density and strength of the lakebed sediment, the presence of a bedload component is notable. Bedload transport over eroding cohesive substrates should be greater in estuaries, where both sediment density and strength are usually higher. Significant differences between the ploughed and control sites were apparent in both the erosion rate and the friction coefficient (φ), and suggest that bed recovery after disruption is rapid (< 24 h). τ_c(0) increased linearly with time after ploughing and recovered to the control mean value within 3 days. The friction coefficient was reduced to zero by ploughing (diagnostic of fluidization), but increased linearly with time, regaining control values within 6 days. No long‐term reduction in bed strength due to remediation was apparent.     

滇池微生物解磷与聚磷作用的实验研究及磷的现代沉积与微生物成矿作用

滇池是世界上磷质来源最丰富的湖泊，是研究磷的现代沉积和微生物对磷循环作用及微生物成矿的天然场所。研究发现，滇池微生物种群和数量繁多，但能对磷溶解、转化、迁移、聚集、沉积的微生物主要有解磷菌和聚磷菌两类。这两类微生物与滇池磷的含量之间有一系列规律的相关性：在底泥磷高含量区域，解磷菌的种群和数量与底泥磷含量成负相关关系，与水体磷含量成正相关关系，而聚磷菌的种群和数量与底泥磷含量成正相关关系，与水体磷含量成负相关关系；在底泥磷低含量区域，上述相关性则相反。滇池中这种活着的微生物在自然环境条件下对磷的溶解、转化、迁移、聚集和沉积的作用，对古磷块岩微生物成矿说提供了可靠的依据，而且对以磷为限制性因子的湖、海、江河环境污染的防治提供了理论资料。     

Development of sediment–landform associations at cold glacier margins,Dry Valleys,Antarctica

The impact of modern cold glaciers on arid periglacial landscapes has received little attention compared with other glacial regimes, and there is a widely held assumption that cold glaciers are not effective geomorphological agents, despite recent studies to the contrary. This paper focuses on the processes operating at the margins of a number of glaciers in the Dry Valleys of Victoria Land, notably the Wright Lower Glacier. The glaciers are entraining primarily older drift deposits and highly weathered regolith which texturally are sandy gravels, as well as well‐sorted sands of fluvial origin. Despite basal temperatures of the order of ?16°C, frozen layers and blocks of sand and gravel are being incorporated into the base of the glaciers by folding and thrusting. The sedimentary products are ridges and aprons several metres high within which the principal lithofacies are sand, gravel, foliated glacier ice, lake ice and snow. These facies are glaciotectonized strongly. Draped over these landforms is a veneer of well‐sorted aeolian sand up to half a metre thick. Supraglacial streams flowing off the glaciers incise these landforms and the sediment is redeposited as alluvial fans, lake deltas and lake‐bottomset deposits. Overall the sediment/landform association differs markedly from those of other glacial regimes, with sand and gravel being the dominant facies, while the usual indicators of glacier working (such as facets and striations on clasts) are lacking. The preservation potential for these landforms on a thousand‐year time scale is high, as modification in this arid regime by slope processes and running water is limited. Sublimation of buried ice is so slow that ridge features are likely to remain ice‐cored almost indefinitely, modified only by wind transport and weathering.     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤硒元素循环特征

硒(Se)是生态环境中重要的微量元素,其丰缺与人和动植物健康有着密切关系。选择黑龙江省松嫩平原南部,在多目标区域地球化学调查获取的Se元素数据基础上,采集大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥等土壤硒输入端元,以及植物收割、下渗水等输出端元样品,计算土壤Se输入输出通量,研究土壤硒循环特征,并预测土壤Se未来发展趋势。结果发现:研究区总体上为土壤低Se区,Se不足和潜在Se不足面积占总面积的35.20%;土壤Se的主要输入途径为大气干湿沉降,可达总输入量的70%～90%,主要输出途径为土壤下渗水,约占总输出量的73%;研究区土壤Se为净积累状态,预测表明20年后土壤Se不足和潜在Se不足面积将从目前的35.20%下降到31.7%。     

我国极端干旱区边缘阿羌砂尘堆积剖面的地质时代

根据对昆仑山北麓阿羌地区第四纪风成砂尘沉积物的调查、地层对比和107组古地磁标本(321块样品)的测定结果认为,阿羌地层剖面记录了Brunhes时以来我国极端干旱区最完整的风成砂尘堆积序列;剖面中间冰期形成的生草层1PE和细粒风尘堆积29FGL、31FGL、33FGL、35FGL、37FGL、39FGL、42FGL在形成的地质时代上可依次与黄土高原古土壤S_0、S_1、S_2、S_3、S_4、S_5、S_6、S_7进行对比,而与1PE和细粒风尘堆积29FGL、……、42FGL互为叠覆的冰期气候形成的风成极细砂和粗粒风尘堆积则可与黄土高原黄土L_1、……、L_8进行对比。此外,在阿羌剖面砂尘堆积底部42FGL层中发现有0.7 Ma B P前的宇宙尘埃物质,这对于该地风成砂尘下限年代的确定、研究极端干旱区气候的发展历史和晚新生代地外灾变事件的对比具有重要意义。     

南苏丹Melut盆地Ruman凹陷白垩系层序地层级次与砂质滩坝的沉积响应*

湖相滩坝砂体是陆相盆地广泛发育的一类油气储集层,已成为成熟油田岩性油气藏勘探的重要领域。基于层序界面识别与划分、古地貌恢复、物源体系、砂体展布以及成藏条件分析,论证了Melut盆地Ruman凹陷白垩系Gayger-Galhak组的层序地层特征及其对滩坝沉积的控制。结果表明:(1)目的层段发育1个二级层序和SQ1、SQ2、SQ3等3个三级层序,SQ3又可进一步细分为6个准层序组(四级层序)。(2)不同级别的层序分别控制着滩坝沉积的发育位置、平面展布及岩性圈闭的成藏要素,表现为: 二级层序控制滩坝沉积的垂向发育位置,滩坝砂体主要发育于二级基准面下降期;三级层序控制滩坝沉积的发育规模和沉积模式,三级基准面下降半旋回与上升半旋回转换位置发育的潜山隆起周缘型坝砂面积(约10km²)和厚度(10~20m)较大、孔隙度高(20%~25%),而发育于三级基准面上升期的水下潜山台地型坝砂面积(1~4km²)和厚度(2~3m)较小、孔隙度相对较低(15%~20%);四级层序洪泛期沉积的泥岩作为局部盖层,不仅控制着滩坝储盖组合的分布,而且决定了滩坝成因岩性圈闭的有效性。