Barriers to movement: Modelling energetic costs of avoiding marine wind farms amongst breeding seabirds

Proposals for wind farms in areas of known importance for breeding seabirds highlight the need to understand the impacts of these structures. Using an energetic modelling approach, we examine the effects of wind farms as barriers to movement on seabirds of differing morphology. Additional costs, expressed in relation to typical daily energetic expenditures, were highest per unit flight for seabirds with high wing loadings, such as cormorants. Taking species-specific differences into account, costs were relatively higher in terns, due to the high daily frequency of foraging flights. For all species, costs of extra flight to avoid a wind farm appear much less than those imposed by low food abundance or adverse weather, although such costs will be additive to these. We conclude that adopting a species-specific approach is essential when assessing the impacts of wind farms on breeding seabird populations, to fully anticipate the effects of avoidance flights.     

The transport-geographical location of Siberia's microregions: techniques and assessment results

It is established that the methodological tools for quantitative measurement of the transport-geographical location is insufficiently advanced. We suggest the algorithm for the technique of its cost assessment based on determining the “economic” distances and adapted to the peculiarities of the transport system of Siberia. We calculated the costs of the transport-geographical location of Siberian microregions (within administrative districts) with respect to the most important year-round sea ports for the current (the year 2005) and future (the year 2030) levels.     

次区域合作及其发展的成因——一个跨学科视角的分析

次区域合作诞生于20世纪80年代末、90年代初,但从一开始起对"次区域"及"次区域合作"的理解就存在许多不同的见解。同时由于次区域合作涉及边境地区,合作的领域又极其广泛,对次区域合作产生的成因没有定论。本文对"次区域"及"次区域合作"的定义重新做了界定,对次区域合作的分类及其相互影响、特征等作了阐述,并且从经济学、国际关系学、国际贸易学和地缘政治学等不同学科角度对次区域合作发展的成因进行了理论解释,以期促使我国更好的参与周边次区域合作。     

山地森林采伐作业的环境成本定量研究

在森林采运作业的成本核算中,不仅要考虑采运作业的各项劳动消耗和物化劳动,还应合理考虑到森林采运作业的环境成本.以天然林择伐试验样地的跟踪调查数据为基础,从涵养水源价值、保持水土价值、固碳释氧价值3方面对南方丘陵山地不同强度采伐经营的环境成本进行定量研究.结果表明,弱度择伐环境成本较小,仅1.7 元/m~3,中度、强度择伐环境成本分别为弱度的5.1、12.2倍,极强度择伐的环境成本最大,达到25.3 元/m~3,是弱度择伐的16.2倍;皆伐由于收获量大,其单位采伐量环境成本为弱度择伐的14.9倍,低于极强度采伐.研究结果有助于人们对林业生产的效益有进一步的认识,也期待能对继续本领域的研究有参考价值.     

Regional difference in social capital and its impact on regional economic growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development. China is a country with high stocks of social capital. Using several different indicators of social capital, this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978–2004. Measuring social capital with indicators of associations, charities and blood donation rates, this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China. Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance. Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth. This relationship exists after controlling policy, macro location factors, and per capita GDP in the initial year. The empirical findings indicate that institutions, culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China. Therefore, the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.     

浅谈如何做好初步设计概算

准确的初步设计概算对设计阶段控制工程造价起着非常重要的作用,笔者分析了初步设计概算当前存在的问题,提出了做好初步设计概算的四项措施。     

基于灰色系统的原煤回采成本预测分析

运用灰色预测理论结合VB编程,对煤炭回采成本中的各组成部分分别建立了预测模型,对平煤集团某煤矿的原煤回采成本进行了预测.经检验并与多项式回归方法及实际回采成本作对比,结果较为理想,使煤炭回采成本的预测更加符合实际,为煤炭回采成本的控制提供可靠的依据.     

北冰洋东北航道夏季集装箱航运经济性研究

近年来,随着全球变暖的大趋势,夏季北极海冰范围急剧缩小,为北极的国际航运迎来了机遇,夏季航行于俄罗斯东北航道的船只迅速增多。由于东北航道的距离远远小于传统亚欧航线,因此具有较高的航运价值,很多海运国家对此极为关注。本文通过成本分析法,计算亚欧集装箱航线采用东北航道时可节约的航运成本,对东北航道的经济优势作出评估。     

Route planning and cost analysis for travelling through the Arctic Northeast Passage using public 3D GIS

To plan undeveloped optimal routes between Asia and Europe via the Arctic Northeast Passages using a 3D geographic information system (GIS), voyage paths are simulated in a 3D visual form. This ensures that the distances are calculated accurately, and that other voyage data such as water depths, sea ice distribution, and seashore topology are also easily deciphered, giving a more direct and clear demonstration compared to simplified presentations on an Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS). This article also implements a higher-geometry maze router in ice zone areas to obtain the optimal path in relation to safety and costs. This article compares the optimal Arctic Northeast Passages with traditional routes through the Suez Canal for dynamic analyses of the cost efficiency (including time costs, fuel costs, and other factors) of travel between major ports in Asia and Europe. The average benefit assessment is around 30–45% in a bulk carrier comparison. Thus, a 3D GIS can easily obtain and demonstrate safe navigation routes, providing a very convenient tool for initial planning.     

低造价农居隔震限位装置设计

以摩擦滑移隔震理论为基础,针对农村民居抗震能力普遍不足的现状,提出一种简单经济、方便实用的隔震限位装置。介绍了其设计原理与做法,给出了具体算例。该隔震限位装置造价低廉,施工简易,适宜在广大农村房屋中推广使用。