中国旅游地理学研究进展与展望

旅游地理学是处于自然地理学、经济地理学和人文地理学之间的综合性分支地理学科。中国旅游地理学在20世纪80年代的地理学大发展中应运而生,经过30年的发展壮大,旅游地理学逐渐成为中国地理学中发展最快,成果最丰,思想活跃的分支学科之一。近年来,旅游地理学一方面从研究规范的讨论到问题意识的强调,学科的自觉性不断增强,在社区旅游、事件旅游、遗产旅游、城市旅游和旅游流与空间结构等研究领域形成了一系列卓有特色的研究成果,学科涉及领域趋于多元化,研究方法不断创新,学科队伍不断壮大,学科平台不断扩大,国际交流日益频繁,中国旅游地理学研究逐渐与国际接轨。另一方面,旅游地理学者广泛参与到省域及重点区域的旅游产业发展规划实践和世界遗产保护中,并致力于中国旅游标准化和旅游产业国际化的实践。旅游地理学为区域经济发展做出了突出的贡献。展望未来,中国旅游地理学一方面将继续发挥理论结合实际的学科传统优势,不断壮大旅游地理学的学科力量;另一方面需不断加强学科理论体系的构建,进一步提升旅游地理学研究的理论深度和国际化水平。     

THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN GEOGRAPHY: THINGS CHANGE,THINGS REMAIN THE SAME

Numbers of women in permanent academic ranks in US geography departments have increased since the 1970s but still constitute only eight percent of geography faculty. Women comprise a quarter of the new doctorates and low-ranking professors, but only 10% of the associate and three percent of full professors, both in large and small departments. One female faculty member in five holds a temporary line. Causes of and solutions to this imbalance are addressed.     

Geoinformatics and digital earth initiatives: a German perspective

Abstract

This paper discusses the role of Geoinformatics as a new scientific discipline designed for handling of geospatial information. Depending on the scientific background of the people involved in shaping the emerging discipline, emphasis may be placed on different aspects of Geoinformatics. Applications and developments may address geoscientific, spatial planning, or computer science related matters. The scientific field of Geoinformatics encompasses the acquisition and storing of geospatial data, the modelling and presentation of spatial information, geoscientific analyses and spatial planning, and the development of algorithms and geospatial database systems. It is the position of the author that these tools from Geoinformatics are necessary to bridge the gap between Digital Earth models and the real world with its real-world problems (‘connecting through location’). It is, however, crucial that Geoinformatics represents a coherent integrated approach to the acquisition, storage, analysis, modeling, presentation, and dissemination of geo-processes and not a patchwork solution of unconnected fields of activity. Geoinformatics is as such not a part of Geography, Surveying, or Computer Science, but a new self-contained scientific discipline. The current paper highlights international and national trends of the discipline and presents a number of Geoinformatics initiatives. The research and teaching activities of the newly formed Institute for Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing (IGF) at the University of Osnabrueck serve as an example for these initiatives. All these developments have lead to the long overdue formation of a scientific ‘Society for Geoinformatics’ (German: Gesellschaft für Geoinformatik – GfGI) in Germany.     

跨国主义视角下高校海归知识移民的回流与地方嵌入

知识经济时代,地理学与世界移民研究越来越重视知识移民及其流动。本文以广州市高校海外留学回国的知识移民为例,采用深度访谈等质性研究方法,从多维视角探讨其回流和嵌入母国和回流地的动态过程及结果。研究发现：① 高校海归知识移民的回流动力机制主要包括工作机会和跨国比较发展优势,以及家庭关系和文化归属等;② 回流后高校知识移民面临着工作、生活、社会关系网络等方面的再嵌入;再嵌入的过程和结果受到工作及工作环境等结构因素和日常生活等非制度情感因素的共同作用;③ 由于拥有较高的跨境智力资本和较强的跨地方社会关系网络,其地方嵌入过程体现出较强的能动性。跨国流动背景下,他们的身份认同表现为混合文化身份的跨地方主体性,其“家”的意义建构也呈现出一种多元的特征。研究指出,多地方的社会嵌入通过跨地方的社会关系使得海归知识移民产生归属感,而并不完全依附于有边界的地理空间,这一定程度上打破了以往地理位置所定义的“地方”,而将关注点放置于基础的工作、社会关系网络与日常的生活实践。从微观和主体视角细致探究海归人才回流嵌入的过程与结果,可以进一步完善转型期知识移民的理论和研究框架,也可以为中国人才政策和发展战略提出指导建议。     

关于学风与创新文化的几点认识

本文从5个方面叙述了笔者对当今部分地理界学风与创新文化的观察与认识。第一,基于地理学方法论,阐述了地理学的理论观点与概念判断都是来自对地球表层实际存在的客体的运动特征与空间投影的变化轨迹的观察、分析与概括;第二,结合实际,指出了“博观而约取、厚积而薄发”的知识积累与运用观对学者们的重要性;第三,对科学创新及如何实现创新提出了新的观点;第四,探讨了如何正确处理科研个人与集体的关系;第五,提出人文与经济地理学研究要面向咨询。     

中西方地缘经济研究的进展与展望

在科技革命重塑世界政经版图、区域集团化推动全球治理调整、大国博弈带来国际体系变革的背景下,梳理地缘经济研究脉络对于提升地缘经济理论品质具有重大意义。本文在厘清地缘经济思潮发展的基础上,借助Web of Science和CNKI数据库,运用知识可视化工具探究中西方地缘经济知识图谱的演进过程,研究结果如下：①在学术思潮发展层面,中西方地缘经济思潮经历了“萌芽期—发展期—回溯期”,萌芽期存在现实政治逻辑,发展期转向自由主义思潮,回溯期再度涌现国家政治内涵。②在时空演进层面,近年来西方地缘经济研究强度远高于国内,西方作者主要分布在美国、俄罗斯、英国和意大利,国内学者主要集中在中国科学院、云南师范大学、复旦大学等高校和科研机构。③在知识网络层面,地缘经济存在较强的学科交叉属性,拥有明确的知识基础,高被引文献源于政治学或地理学,形成以权力为逻辑基础、空间为逻辑起点、经济为逻辑主轴的知识架构,热点议题演进与学术思潮发展高度耦合,科技竞争将成为当前乃至未来很长一段时间的研究重点。最后,本文认为国内地缘经济研究应突破西方的理论桎梏,构建以合作共赢、开放发展为核心的理论体系,在方法论上应强化定量分析和实证研究。     

艰难时世中的地理创造——张相文的地学生涯与学术贡献

张相文是中国近代地理学先驱。在时局动荡的清末民初时期,他将家国情怀与学术追求相结合,在不断转换的身份之中谋求地学报国。其地理学家的主要身份与革命家、历史学家、教育家、实业家等多重身份交织在一起。他是“中国地学会”(中国地理学会的前身)的主要创建者和组织者,是中国第一本地理学学术期刊《地学杂志》的主要创办者。他明确提出“秦岭—淮河”南北地理分界线,创编较为完整的地理学教材,积极投身洪水治理、田野考察为主的地理实践,强有力地推动了中国近代地理学的迅速发展。论文通过广泛的资料比对重新归纳提炼了张相文的学术思想、主要活动及其现实意义。包容与专业精神、卓越的组织领导力、积极投身实践与治理、长期的坚守是他能够获得开创性成就的主要原因,也非常值得现今地理学者及团体发展借鉴。     

Agreement,significance, and understandings of historical responsibility in climate change negotiations

For over 20 years, Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have struggled with the normative significance of history for the differentiation of responsibilities. Negotiations on ‘historical responsibility’ have been marked by considerable conflict between developed and developing countries. However, in 2010, the Parties acknowledged the concept in a consensus decision. This article analyses UN Climate Change Conference delegates' agreement with the decision, whether it reconciled conflict between interpretations of historical responsibility, and the significance that delegates ascribe to the decision for future agreements. The decision has not eliminated conflict between different interpretations. Delegates who understand historical responsibility as linking countries' historical contributions to climate change to their responsibilities to act agree more with the decision and foresee it having a stronger influence on future agreements than do those viewing the concept in more conceptual terms. The decision marks the start of negotiations concerning how rather than whether historical responsibility should guide operative text. This article demonstrates that (1) the divergent interpretations pose clear challenges for a necessary but demanding agreement on operationalization, and (2) focusing on an ambiguous version of proportionality between contribution to change and responsibility can become a first step for convergence between divergent positions.     

Differentiating (historic) responsibilities for climate change

Following the conclusion of the official work of the Ad Hoc Group for the Modelling and Assessment of Contributions to Climate Change (MATCH), this article considers the politically more sensitive aspect of the Brazilian proposal, namely the issue of differentiating (historic) responsibility for, and not merely (causal) contribution to climate change. Its aim is (1) to highlight the fact that, while related, the two issues (‘contribution to’ and ‘responsibility for’) are fundamentally different and should not be confused, and (2) to propose a methodology for calculating shares of responsibility as opposed to the shares in causal contribution arrived at through the MATCH results. Two conceptions of responsibility (‘strict’ or ‘limited’) are applied in order to operationalize the notion of ‘respective capabilities’ given in Article 3.1 of the UNFCCC. The key message resulting from the calculations is that causal contribution—while an important indicator of (environmental) relevance to the problem—must not be confused with the moral responsibility for it. The rather large difference between the responsibilities at the two extremes of the scale under both conceptions gives pause for thought as to what sorts of burdens can justly be demanded in any application of the UNFCCC principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, whether in the context of the Brazilian proposal or beyond.     

SCI/SSCI期刊与中文权威核心期刊论文的学术价值评价——基于地理工作者的感知分析

进入信息全球化时代,SCI/SSCI 论文越来越成为中国各高校及科研院所等单位衡量其基础研究实力的评价标准,甚至出现“唯‘SCI/SSCI’论”的现象,中文权威核心期刊论文的学术价值评定和认可度则相应降低,这在一定程度上对中文权威核心期刊的发展造成了不小的冲击。基于探索性因子分析,构建了中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的结构方程假设模型,以地理科学工作者为例,通过验证性因子分析,实证研究了地理工作者对中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的影响因素。结果显示：① 学术成果影响力是影响中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的关键因素,科研评价和学术地位认定政策及学术影响力评价是影响中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的重要因素;② 学术成果影响力对认可度影响程度最大,其影响路径系数为0.52,其次为学术影响力评价,路径系数为0.25,科研评价和学术地位认定政策影响程度较小;③ 学术成果影响力和学术影响力评价与认可度表现为正相关关系,而科研评价和学术地位认定政策与认可度之间则表现为负相关关系。最后,提出了增强科研工作者对中文权威核心期刊论文学术价值认可度的相关对策,以期提升作者发表中文权威核心期刊论文的意愿度,来促进中文权威核心期刊的持续发展。