Specializations in “Jobs in Geography”: 1990–1992*

One way to probe into the direction in which American academic geography is heading is to look at the actual demand for specializations and teaching duties as expressed by the recent jobs offered by colleges and universities. The results of this inquiry for the 1990–1992 period indicate that the most frequently requested courses were GIS, regional geography, and environmental geography. The greatest number of positions were advertised as general physical geographer or human geographer and were in departments without graduate programs. The findings suggest that preparations for the profession of “geography professor” should include the ability both to conduct focused research and to teach a diverse set of courses.     

CHANGING EXPECTATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS: AMERICAN WOMEN GEOGRAPHERS IN THE 1970S

ABSTRACT. In 1973 Wilbur Zelinsky lamented and documented the low representation of women in American academic geography. His attention reflected the climate of the times—the challenges of the women's movement, affirmative action, and feminist activism in the professions. Drawing on archives and personal narratives, this article addresses the paradoxes and politics of women's place in American academic geography in the 1970s. As increasing numbers developed new aspirations for graduate education and professional work, stereotyping, discrimination, the lack of mentoring, and the challenges of a job market whose peak had passed presented difficulties. Yet persistence, resistance, and feminist political activism worked to advance women's professional standing and visibility, especially at the national level within the Association of American Geographers and in the development of new research and teaching on the geography of women.     

Environmental psychology and the geographies of ethical and sustainable consumption: aligning, triangulating, challenging?

Human geographers' research into lay responses to burgeoning environmental issues has highlighted their mediated and contingent constitution. Situated within the discipline's cultural turn, this work has challenged prevailing informational and cognitive approaches to sustainability. In doing so, however, potentially informative concepts and findings from environmental psychology have been sidelined. In this paper I attempt a modest allying of the two sub-disciplines, outlining their differences and similarities, and arguing that environmental psychology can triangulate with human geography, as well as challenge tendencies within human geography literatures to simplify the 'psychological' subject.     

Do firms adopt lower standards in poorer areas? Corporate social responsibility and environmental justice in the EU and the US

Within the context of broader debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental justice (EJ), this paper examines three key questions: first, how the standards that corporations adopt at the global scale trickle down into local site-level practices; second, whether levels of corporate environmental performance vary from place to place; and third whether any variations in corporate environmental performance relate to the principles of EJ. To do this, the analysis draws upon recently disclosed data to evaluate variations in the environmental performance of oil refineries across the US and the EU. It finds significant variations in emissions of some key pollutants. These exist both across the range of refineries, with dirtier refineries emitting at least five times as much as cleaner refineries, and between the EU and the US, with refineries in the EU emitting more than twice as much as refineries in the US. At the local level, it finds that there are correlations between higher levels of emissions from refineries and lower levels of income, employment and population density. Although these findings provide support for some of the contentions of the EJ movement, they do not say anything about causality, and as a result we cannot say definitively that companies adopt lower standards in poorer areas.     

Sovereignty and subterranean resources: An institutional ethnography of Repsol’s corporate social responsibility programs in Ecuador

State mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs emerged in Ecuador in the 1990s, following indigenous protests rooted in social and environmental impacts of oil extraction. CSR programs aim to deflect blame for a company’s operations, by providing development or infrastructural improvements in indigenous communities, including micro-credit projects, potable water systems, and electricity. Through an institutional ethnography of CSR programs of the Spanish owned multinational oil company, Repsol, I explore how companies intervene in transformations of social life challenging the roles of the state in securing its territorial sovereignty linked to subterranean oil resources. Drawing on interviews, participant observation, and textual analysis of company and state documents, my analysis demonstrates how CSR programs allow companies to secure their presence in the region, even in the face of shifting regimes of governance. In this article, I provide more insight into Ecuador’s transition from neoliberal to post-neoliberal eras, by calling attention to social processes that seek to legitimize expansion of corporate capital in spaces of sovereignty. If state control over subterranean resources is still crucial to understanding forms of sovereignty, then the extension of that control via CSR programs represents new relationships of power that construct the company as an expert in the region. Exploring the everyday processes of these legal relationships of sovereignty through an institutional ethnography of CSR programs uncovers the programs’ impacts and effects that seek to consolidate power in the company, undermine indigenous rights, and discipline the state.     

基于区域经济发展水平的耕地社会责任价值补偿

以省为单元量化其耕地保护社会责任价值,以此检验不同省份所承担的耕地保护社会责任价值与国家赋予的应承担价值偏差,从而确定其在该方面履行责任的程度。本文选取人均GDP等五个主要经济发展水平作参照,进行相关性分析,建立经济发展水平指标与单位面积耕地社会责任价值之间的回归模型。研究结果表明：粮食主产区所承担的责任远高于发达地区...     

Overstaying our welcome: On the rise of women's seniority in the academy

Issues surrounding gender equality are—and should be—front and centre in the water resources community, and other science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. Very necessarily, the focus tends to be on recruitment, offering support for students and early career academics. The leaky pipeline concept used to describe the incremental loss of women from STEM fields with career duration describes a disproportionate loss of senior women, creating a parallel problem where highly qualified, top tier academics are lost from the system after significant financial and personnel investment by institutions. Ultimately, the leaky pipeline undermines the extensive investment of the hydrology and other STEM communities in equity, diversity, inclusion and accessibility (EDIA) recruitment and retention programmes by cutting short career ambitions and the trajectories of diverse top performing individuals, resulting in no net benefit of EDIA policy investments and a lack of diversity with seniority. Addressing this critical gender gap requires the attention and support of the hydrology community of practice with specific focus on generating opportunities for advancement, confronting systemic and structural biases and improving education around allyship. Institutions and professional organizations need to consciously grow diversity in leadership and recognize and outwardly manage the perception of academic excellence around slow research and education that attracts increased diversity. Supporting allyship, reducing competitiveness among community members and reinforcing collaboration will not only attract, but retain, a higher proportion of diversity in the hydrology community, academia and STEM professions in general. It is time for the water resources (and other STEM) communities to demand broader accountability and recognition of the barriers to women, implement and reward more diverse definitions of research excellence, and offer allyship training to the community of practice at large.     

Producer responsibility in a sustainable development context: ecological modernisation or industrial ecology?

The concept of producer responsibility has become a major tenet of EU waste management policy. It forms part of an effort to set a regulatory context for firms supportive of sustainable development. Two contrasting notions of the theory and implementation of sustainable development are ecological modernisation and industrial ecology. Ecological modernisation emphasises economic development and technological advances, within a suitable policy framework. Industrial ecology, by contrast, emphasises inter-firm cooperation and voluntary compliance inspired by eco-efficiency savings. Recently, however, industrial ecologists have shown greater interest in the potential for policy implementation. With aims such as increasing recovery of value from waste, creating a demand for recycled materials, and decreasing the potential harmful effects of waste, the producer responsibility directives can be seen as attempts to implement industrial ecology principles. This paper examines interrelationships of ecological modernisation and industrial ecology to understand the potential and shortcomings of the producer responsibility regulations as a means to promote waste minimisation through eco-design.     

中国顶尖学术型人才空间分布特征及其流动趋势——以中国科学院院士为例

院士作为国家高端的科研领军人才,在创新发展、人才培养,科研引领,国家重大战略和核心技术突破方面挥着重要作用。以中国科学院755名院士为例,运用核密度分析与流动指数等空间分析方法,系统分析了中国顶尖学术型人才的空间分布特征及求学、就业与工作地变更三种空间流动规律。结果表明：① 院士出生地或籍贯集聚分布在经济条件良好、文化底蕴深厚的东部沿海地区;学历取得地主要集中在北京、上海与江苏等985、211高校聚集省区;初次工作地点在不同时代表现各异;最终工作地呈现向北京、上海等特大城市聚集的特征。② 求学（出生地—大学）流动由东部多个省份向北京、上海等国家中心城市近距离流动。毕业首次就业流动空间聚集程度小,且流向随院士所处时代的不同而变化。③ 46.23%的院士有工作地变更流动趋势。变更一次的院士其流动呈现“孔雀东南飞”的特点,具有明显的向东指向性和空间聚集性;变更两次及两次以上的院士,除最后一次流动外无明显空间指向性。④ 流动指数分析表明,北京与上海作为经济发达区既是强流入中心也是强流出中心,双向流动量大;而西藏、海南、澳门、内蒙古及广西等省份流动指数为0,属于附属型省份。     

基于文献计量的新世纪中国自然地理学国际影响力分析

以美国科学情报机构、科学引文索引数据库(SCI-E)为数据源,通过文献计量方法从总发文趋势、文章引用率、一流学术机构、核心作者分布、发文热门期刊以及关键词等方面,对中国自然地理学在国际学术界的发展情况、学术地位以及面临的问题与挑战进行分析。结果显示：新世纪中国自然地理学在国际领域发展迅速,在自然地理学领域能够发挥特长并贡献力量,在学术界占有一席之地。文献成果方面,至2016年底,中国在自然地理学权威机构的发文量占比达18.96%,位居世界第二。高质量文章占有率增长十余个百分点,文献累计被引量从0次跃升至2万余次,研究成果逐渐受到国际学术界认可。研究力量上,研究机构数量(排名第八)与学者数量(第四)均位居世界前列且发展趋势良好,中国自然地理学在其发展过程中,于多方面表现出了质和量的突破;从国际形势看来,中国自然地理学者通过多年不断努力,能够紧跟研究潮流,把握研究热点方向,但在理论创新及全球环境问题的研究等方面,仍有一定的提升空间。