基于市场化的矿山生态修复模式浅析以江西省某县废弃矿山为例

废弃矿山占用土地资源,带来诸多生态环境问题,废弃矿山的生态修复迫在眉睫。当前各级政府财政对于矿山生态修复投入不足,亟须社会资本参与。2019年自然资源部发布《关于探索利用市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的意见》,为社会资本参与矿山生态修复市场化运作打开了大门。通过在江西省某县采用市场化方式进行矿山生态修复的实践,分析了废弃矿山生态修复的开发利用方向和不同修复方式的适用范围,明确了社会资本投资参与矿山生态修复的运行及收益模式,为区域矿山生态修复市场化项目提供参考。     

矿山环境地质问题综合评价指标体系

本指标体系把矿山环境地质问题归为三大类23项指标，提出以指标指数作为划分环境地质问题危害程度等级的依据，给出2类指标评价指数的计算方法，以及各指标相应的权重。在此基础上，用模糊数学综合评判法评定矿山环境地质问题的历史、现状及其发展趋势的影响程度。在考虑矿山区位条件和恢复治理难度的基础上，最终给出矿山环境地质问题的综合评价等级，该等级也同时反映了矿山地质环境恢复治理的优先顺序。     

放射性元素和毒性重金属污染土壤的治理探讨--以湖南雄磺矿和七一五铀矿为例

湖南雄磺矿和七一五铀矿的长期开采和冶炼,对矿山生态环境造成了严重的污染和破坏,直接影响到了矿山周边居民的正常生产与生活。从2003年起,国土资源部和国家财政部拨出了专款实施矿山地质环境治理工程。其中对放射性和毒性元素污染的土地治理都是采用的机械物理复垦土地的方法,比起国外先进的原地微生物净化处理方法来,缺少科技含量。通过介绍保加利亚中部两个矿山采用微生物净化处理污染土壤的成功范例,提出了同类矿山地质环境治理的建议。     

应用已知矿体质量的正态概率分布评价区域铀矿资源质量

本文论述了应用已知矿体质量正态概率分布,评价区域铀矿资源质量的可行性,详细阐述了区域铀矿资源质量评价中不同区间的品位、厚度、储量的矿体概率和储量概率计算步骤,同时还叙述了资源平均品位和矿体品位与规模组合概率计算方法,最后简要介绍了一个应用实例。     

Dynamics of cobbles in the shoaling region of a surf zone

The motion of large bottom particles (cobbles/mines) was studied in the laboratory under simulated surf conditions. A series of experiments was conducted in a large wave tank, 32×0.9×1.8 m, equipped with a computer-controlled wave maker and a sloping beach. As a first step, a solid impermeable beach with artificial roughness was used in the experiments. Cobbles of different size were placed along the floor and their evolution with time was studied and compared with the model predictions. Onshore and offshore mean motions of cobbles, as well as steady oscillations with zero mean displacement, were observed for different conditions. To explain the results of observations a theoretical model was advanced. The model takes into account all main governing parameters (size and density of cobbles, bottom slope, dynamic and static friction at the bottom, background flow characteristics, etc.). Standard parameterizations were used for a pressure accelerating term, drag, lift and other nonlinear forces. For the range of parameters used in the experiments, satisfactory agreement between the measured and calculated values of the cobble displacements as a function of time was obtained. The model is practically insensitive to the vertical accelerating pressure term but sensitive to the dynamic and static friction. One of the most important variables in the model, which is known with the least accuracy, is the virtual mass coefficient for disk-shaped cobbles moving with variable velocity along a solid boundary.     

Impact of lithology and soil properties on abandoned dryland terraces during the early stages of soil erosion by water in south‐east Spain

Soil erosion by water in abandoned dry terraces is one of the most important environmental problems in semiarid areas, enhancing biological degradation and reducing possible resources that can be obtained. However, little is known about the effects of the types of lithology and soil properties on the early stages of soil erosion. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to assess the effect of different lithologies (marls, limestones, and metamorphic—phyllites, schists, and greywackes—materials) and soil properties on the early stages of soil erosion by water in abandoned dry terraces, compared with similar terraces still in agricultural use. Soil analyses (texture, aggregate stability, and bulk density) and 22 rainfall simulations were carried out under dry conditions. During the experiments, local inclination, vegetation and stone cover, total organic matter, and antecedent soil moisture were also quantified. The results showed that the highest soil loss (41.41 g/m² in cultivated plots and 17.05 g/m² in the abandoned plots) and runoff (3.79 L/m² in the abandoned plot) occurred on marl substrata. Marls also showed the shallowest infiltration front (9 cm) and lowest infiltration rate (4.3 cm/min). Limestones and, especially, metamorphic areas, showed a lower degree of soil erosion, higher infiltration rates, and deeper infiltration fronts.     

废弃采空区裂隙带高度预测模型及应用

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程。因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,对于废弃采空区,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低。基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化过程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程。着眼于压实作用对裂隙带高度的影响,根据煤层采厚、垮落带和裂隙带岩层变形量及地表下沉值之间的定量关系,建立了第2阶段裂隙带高度预测模型,并结合太平煤矿实测结果进行验证,采用控制变量法分析了单一因素影响下废弃采空区裂隙带高度的演化特征。结果表明：废弃采空区裂隙带高度受控于垮落带块体强度、垮落带初始碎胀系数、采动期间裂隙带高度最大值及对应的垮落带高度、煤层埋深、地表最终下沉量等因素,太平煤矿采后15 a的裂隙带高度实测值11.36～13.00 m与理论预测值12.75 m吻合度较高,模型的可靠性得到验证。最后,应用此预测模型对武安煤矿（关停矿井）2002－2003年采空区裂隙带高度开展理论计算,结合地空瞬变电磁探测确定了地面瓦斯抽采钻孔理想的终孔位置并成功开展了地面钻孔瓦斯抽采试验。     

煤矿井下保直钻进技术现状及展望

煤矿井下钻孔轨迹偏斜易导致治理盲区的出现,严重威胁煤矿安全高效开采。通过对导致钻孔偏斜的地质因素、技术因素和工艺因素的系统分析,得到了钻孔偏斜的根本原因。对现有保直技术的原理及其适用性进行了分析总结。钻孔保直是影响钻孔施工质量的因素,但目前钻孔保直技术或多或少都存在技术上的问题,不能在煤矿大范围推广使用,故在钻孔保直方面需要不断发展,研发出适用性强、易于现场实施的保直技术。应加强偏斜因素的深层次的研究、钻孔保直机具设备的研发等工作。     

面向矿山型的测绘专业人才培养模式的研究

主要探讨在新时期条件下面向矿山类测绘专业人才培养模式的研究,通过合理设置课程、加强实践教学,科研促进教学等方面工作来建立面向矿山型的测绘专业人才培养模式,探索具有特色的应用型人才培养模式。     

中国矿山迹地的生态恢复（英文）

矿业开发活动产生了大量的废弃地,本文综述了我国露天煤矿排土场、采煤沉陷地和煤矸石山等矿山迹地生态恢复的理论与技术进展,并对今后研究的重点问题进行了展望。采矿迹地生态恢复涉及到很多学科,需要借鉴多学科的理论,同时介绍了采矿迹地生态恢复的实用技术和示范基地建设情况,未来应重点关注矿山迹地生态系统演替过程与机理、采矿废弃地复垦利用的结构优化和采矿迹地生态恢复新技术等问题。