Cooperation and unregulated fishing: interactions between customary international law,and the European Union IUU fishing regulation

The extent to which flag States are bound by the conservation rules of regional fishery management organisations is an important question in the quest to reduce unregulated fishing. The European Union implemented a trade suspension against Cambodia under Council Regulation 1005/2008, in response to unregulated fishing by Cambodian vessels in high seas areas managed by regional fishery management organisations. Limitations in the arguments underpinning the decision evidence the flaws of unregulated fishing as a legal concept, underlining the need for it to be appropriately interpreted and contextualised in the international legal framework. Clarity on the differences between conventional and customary sources of international legal obligation, and their implications for State consent, should guide the implementation of the Regulation to maximise the normative potential of resulting practices.     

Innovating for change in global fisheries governance: an introduction

On 23 September 2016, a workshop entitled “Innovating for change in global fisheries governance” was held in Tromsø, hosted by the K. G. Jebsen Centre for the Law of the Sea (JCLOS) at the Faculty of Law of UiT, The Arctic University of Norway. The aim of the workshop was to address the following question: How can international law be used as an innovative mechanism for change in global fisheries governance? Seven of the papers presented at the workshop, each one addressing a particular aspect of this overarching question, are published here in this special issue of Marine Policy.     

《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》的法律属性析论

《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》(简称《极地规则》)是国际海事组织为极地水域船舶航行安全与防止环境污染制定的技术性国际规则。该规则的体系构成是以MARPOL、SOLAS和STCW三大公约修正案为基础,因此使其对缔约国具有强制约束力,并沿袭了技术性、前瞻性等属性。从普适性角度衡量,该规则因为制定主体、立法结构与实际履约等问题尚不足以构成“一般接受的国际规则和标准”。我国应当吸取其中的先进立法理念,并积极加强国内履约,为即将到来的北极航运高峰做准备。此外,鉴于《极地规则》与《联合国海洋法公约》(简称《公约》)的冰封区域条款之间相对独立,我国在遵守沿海国单边立法的同时应积极倡导在极地地区适用以《极地规则》为核心的统一标准。我国对北极航道的使用呈逐年增加的趋势,这势必要求厘清《极地规则》的法律属性以维护我国的北极航运利益。     

大陆架界限委员会审议划界案的原则和方法——委员会建议摘要案例分析

由于全球大陆边缘地貌和地质特征的复杂性,且《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第76条对200海里以外大陆架外部界限划定的规则存在一定的模糊性,导致大陆架外部界限的划定极其复杂。根据《公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会(以下简称委员会)负责审议沿海国提交的划界案并给出建议,委员会在外大陆架划界方面发挥重要作用。截止2012年12月底,委员会一共收到沿海国65份划界案,目前已完成其中18份划界案的审议工作并给出了建议。本文系统分析了各委员会建议摘要,对委员会在审议划界案时采用的划界原则、审议的关键技术问题等做了综合分析总结,以便为我国今后外大陆架划界和积极应对侵害我国海洋权益的他国划界主张提供参考和借鉴。     

Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises

This article reviews the types and effectiveness of marine mammal mitigation measures used during some naval activities worldwide. The three main standard methods used to mitigate the potential impacts of naval sonar sound on marine mammals are (1) time/area planning (of exercises/active sonar use) to avoid marine mammals; (2) implementation of operational procedures (e.g. ‘soft start’ - where sound levels are gradually increased over time); and (3) monitoring of animals for the purpose of maintaining an ‘exclusion zone’ around the sound source. Suggestions towards a minimum worldwide mitigation standard are made.     

2000年以来江西省城市规模体系与空间体系的时空演变

基于2001―2012年江西省各县市城市人口数据,结合ArcGIS和SPSS等分析工具,采用城市首位指数、分形等计量分析方法,对2000年以来江西省城市规模体系与空间体系的时空演变特征进行深入分析。结果表明：1）随着大城市和中等城市数目的增加,城市规模“金字塔”趋于合理;2）城市间人口规模的相对差距在扩大,绝对差距在缩小,城市等级规模趋于合理;3）城市首位度较高,属于典型的首位型城市分布;4）城市规模分维数较小且下降明显,大城市发展快于中小城市,城市发展总体处于集聚效益加速凸显阶段;5）城市规模空间体系演变表现出区域差异性、圈层集聚性以及轴线指向性等特征。最后指出江西省城市规模体系与空间体系存在特大城市数量过少、城市规模偏小、城市人口发育南北差距过大等问题并提出相应优化对策。     

论测绘成果的法律保护

从测绘成果性质出发,阐述了我国目前对测绘成果的保护情况,论述了测绘成果的双重属性,提出了对测绘成果法律保护的方法,并对完善现行测绘成果法律保护提出了个人观点。     

背斜-水动力复合油(气)藏油(气)水界面产状

基于Hubbert的油(气)等势面坡度与水头关系的公式和达西定律, 推出了油(气)等势面坡度与水流的渗滤速度的关系式.根据此关系式, 讨论了各种情形水流速度与油气等势面坡度的关系.以此为基础, 认为未被油气充满转折端的背斜-水动力油气藏平面的油水界面由于水流速度大小和方向变化通常应该为曲面; 对被油气充满转折端的背斜-水动力油气藏倾斜的油水界面在不同方向剖面上倾斜不同: 圆柱状背斜横剖面油水界线水平、斜向剖面界线倾向相反, 倾伏背斜的横剖面可能同向倾斜但通常不在同一条倾斜的直线上.      

Rights based fishing on the high seas: Is it possible?

The high seas fisheries are troubled by overcapacity and lax enforcement of management rules. The idea has emerged that these problems could be dealt with by property rights solutions such as ITQs. Such management tools only emerged after the 200-mile EEZ was established. This made it possible to apply the sovereign state's legislative, enforcement and judiciary apparatus to regulate fisheries. It is argued that without the EEZ such solutions would have been unlikely to emerge, and that a further extension of the EEZ is necessary to apply rights-based regulations to high seas fisheries. The current management regime of high seas fisheries lacks the necessary enforcement apparatus, which makes it necessary to apply trade sanctions, port measures and blacklisting to support regulations of high seas fisheries. It is argued that such measures are likely to be the second best, compared to further extending coastal state jurisdiction. Finally a bioeconomic model is applied to analyze potential gains from cooperation in high seas fisheries.     

新时代法治渔村建设的挑战与出路

渔村治理现代化作为实现乡村振兴战略的重要组成部分,因其自身固有的发展特征,亟须进行法治化改革。这既是对全面依法治国方略在渔村治理的落实,也同新时代乡村治理体系的基本逻辑相符合。因此,新时代法治渔村建设需要中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引,法治价值同时为推进新时代渔村治理法治化,为渔村的政治、经济、社会发展以及生态文明建设等提供了重要的思想基础。法治价值的适用同样对于促进渔村渔业的高质量发展和改善传统渔村经济落后的局面具有重要意义,有必要在中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引下,找到新时代渔村良法善治的有效路径。