黄土高原沟壑区传统村落的空间特征及其影响要素 ——以陕西省榆林市国家级传统村落为例

以地处黄土高原沟壑地区的榆林市国家级传统村落为例,利用GIS空间分析、形态指数、空间句法等空间分析方法,从宏观空间分布到个体形态特征,揭示地域环境与村落选址、形态生成及空间组织的内在关联性。结果表明:榆林市国家级传统村落呈现“西北稀疏、东南密集”的总体空间格局,纵观历史发展格局从东到西呈轴向集聚形态,存在沿山腰等高线、支流流向的分布特征;在地理环境限制下,传统村落外部边界形态主要为块状集聚、指状离散形态发展,空间集聚中心出现村落内部与村落边缘交通的差异化分布;通过地理、生态、气候和风水对村落空间组织的内在关联性进行分析,发现村落形态演化从生存适应性转向主动寻求发展,揭示了传统村落空间形成、组织、生长的内在逻辑。     

Land consolidation engineering and modern agriculture: A case study from soil particles to agricultural systems

Land consolidation engineering is one of the very important ways to improve the quality of farmland and the level of agricultural productivity. Studies of land consolidation and crop cultivation still mainly focus on single land functional optimization or crop breeding and yields. However, whether the improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils is still a question. This paper introduces new ideas and engineering measures for sandy land rehabilitation and modern agricultural development in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Shaanxi Province, Western China. The important roles of particles and aggregates in soil reconstruction were confirmed following three innovative microscopic theories, including micro-structure, micro-morphology and micro-mechanism. New soil was constructed based on the physical complementarity of sandy, clay and loess particles in the Yulin area, northern Shaanxi Province. Field experiments were carried out to study the appropriate mixture ratio of different soils and their suitability for different crops. The improved crop varieties were sown on healthy and fertile soils, which were chosen by coupling according to its soil ecological suitability and crop physiological adaptability. The fertility improvement practices in the new constructed soils with different crops integrated water and fertilizer management measures, which were also provided in the experiment. Overall, an integrated land optimization configuration with improved and optimized crop variety selection was suggested for engineering sandy land-oriented consolidation from the soil particles to the agricultural system.     

POM模式在河口湾污染物质输运过程模拟中的应用

具有复杂地形的河口湾,由于冲淡水的影响,湾内的流动具有很强的三维结构.因此要再现河口湾各种过程,必须进行三维数值模拟.在实际应用中,选用水平上采用正交曲线性网格和垂向上采用σ坐标的POM模式作为水动力模式比较合适.本研究在POM模式的基础上添加了示踪粒子三维Lagrange运动轨迹计算及水质模块,用以研究榆林湾水交换能力和污染物质输运过程.     

不同典型区长城遥感比较研究

以东、西部地区典型地段的长城为研究对象,分别从其光谱、形态、位置及周边环境等特征分析比较了二者在高分辨率遥感影像上的影像差异,并探讨了造成这些差异的原因.     

The vulnerability evolution and simulation of social-ecological systems in a semi-arid area: A case study of Yulin City,China

Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD (Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV (Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows: (1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City’s SESs vulnerability is “high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall”. Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk. (2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.     

预应力锚索加固石窟岩体的地震动力响应研究

根据锚索加固石窟岩体的特点,以甘肃安西榆林石窟的三个典型的工程段为例,通过动力有限元的方法对地震荷载作用下预应力锚索加固石窟岩体的位移场、应力场的模拟计算,得出了其动态响应和变化规律。并通过对地震荷载的频谱特性分析,揭示了地震荷载的特征周期对锚索加固石窟围岩的动力响应结果的影响。     

Landscape change detection in Yulin prefecture

Landscape is a dynamic phenomenon that almost continuously changes. The overall change of a landscape is the result of complex and interacting natural and spontaneous processes and planned actions by man. However, numerous activities by a large number of individuals are not concerted and contribute to the autonomous evolution of the landscape in a similar way as natural processes do. There is a well-established need to detect land use and ecological change so that appropriate policies for the regional sustainable development can be developed. Landscape change detection is considered to be effectively repeated surveillance and needs especially strict protocols to identify landscape change. This paper developed a series of technical frameworks on landscape detection based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Data. Through human-machine interactive interpretation, the interpretation precision was 92.00% in 1986 and 89.73% in 2000. Based on the interpretation results of TM images and taking Yulin prefecture as a case study area, the area of main landscape types was summarized respectively in 1986 and 2000. The landscape pattern changes in Yulin could be divided into ten types.     

1974-2012年陕西省榆林市气候变化统计特征

利用1974—2012年榆林市年均气温、年降水量观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平分析等方法分析了该市39年来的气候变化特征及其趋势,采用Morlet小波分析方法分析了气候序列的变化周期,还综合累积距平分析、Mann-Kendall检验以及不同子序列尺度的Yamamoto分析、滑动t检验等多种方法以准确判断气温、降水量序列的突变点。结果表明：39年间榆林市升温幅度高于减湿幅度,年均气温和年降水量变化呈负相关,2006年以来出现弱度的减温增湿;气温、降水量变化分别存在冷暖与干湿位交替的多时间尺度变化特征,其主周期分别为13、8～9、30、5年和3年、8～9年;39年间榆林市气温和降水量序列突变点不一,而且降水量序列突变不明显;判断气候序列突变点时,宜采用多种诊断方法以提高判断结果的准确性。     

榆林市农业景观格局变化研究

根据1986年和2000年两期TM影像资料和其他辅助资料, 运用人机交互解译方法以及地理信息系统的空间分析和数理统计功能, 分析了榆林市农业景观格局变化, 包括土地利用数量变化、变化速度和区域差异等特征, 以及各景观类型之间的转化情况, 并对景观格局变化进行了定量分析。结果表明: 14a间, 榆林市未利用地减少1305.56km², 其中主要是沙地减少; 耕地、林地、草地分别增加567.11km²、99.6km²和616.79km²; 未利用地和建设用地的变化率最大, 分别为-22.11%和18.18%; 土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异; 各类型间的转化突出表现为未利用地向草地转化, 草地向林地和耕地转化。榆林市近十几年景观类型发生了明显转换, 土地整治取得显著成绩。     

北方农牧交错带土地利用变化 及其生态环境效应 ——以陕北榆林市为例

基于1985~2000年间的高分辨率土地利用/土地覆盖数据,对位于农牧交错带的陕北榆林市土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应进行定量分析。结果表明：1985~2000年,榆林市土地利用变化区域差异明显,土地利用变化多分布在北部风沙滩地区,表明这些地区的土地利用变化过程相对活跃。生态环境质量总体上得到改善,但局部地区恶化也相当严重,且在县级尺度上表现出明显的区域分异特征。在大的区域尺度上北部风沙滩地区的生态环境质量的改善程度强于南部丘陵沟壑区。导致生态环境变化(改善和退化)的主导因素是林地、草地与其它土地利用/土地覆盖类型之间的转变,其中治沙种草与防护林体系建设对该市生态环境质量改善的贡献率最高,达到74.8%。