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81.
More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought (F/D) index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan’anlu in the Yuan Dynasty) was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208–1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. (1) 1208–1240: drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. (2) 1240–1320: long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. (3) 1320–1369: drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the Mongol–Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol–Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic changes might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.  相似文献   
82.
清末新疆建省后,清政府对伊犁城市体系布局的思想发生了变化,城市体系从具有突出的军事政治职能的特征转变为建省后城市军事职能与行政职能分离,行政职能增强。这一趋势显示出城市职能结构多元发展的特征。伊犁9个城形成了等级分明的城市体系,建省前的惠远城和惠宁城是级别最高的城市,建省后的绥定城、宁远城和惠远新城为第一等级的城市,体现了行政建置与经济发展对城市规模的推动力。城市体系空间布局结构,从军府制下的满城中心-边缘结构和条块隔离结构,转变为按照省府州县制度下的府治与道治治所双中心-边缘与东西块状结构。  相似文献   
83.
吴承忠  邓辉  舒时光 《地理研究》2014,33(8):1579-1592
研究清代陕蒙交界地区的土地利用问题,可以反映出该地区300多年以来人与环境之间的互动关系,具有重要意义。运用历史地理学的历史文献研究等方法,分析禁垦时期、限垦时期到放垦时期陕蒙交界区土地开垦的发展过程。结果表明:从动态的角度来看,清代陕蒙交界地区“南田北草”格局的分界线存在一个由“二边”—“大边”—康熙线—乾隆线—光绪线逐步北移的过程,但仍是“相对稳定”、“相对清晰”的。清代陕蒙交界地区“南田北草”格局分布及农业生产的发展,始终存在一个“理性垦殖”选择的过程,这是由特有的地理环境决定并受到当时政治经济形势的影响。  相似文献   
84.
国连杰  何京 《地质科学》2017,(4):1411-1435
20 世纪二、三十年代, 中国与瑞典合作开展了一次大规模、综合性的西北科学考察, 考察时间长达 6 年, 范围覆盖内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、宁夏、青海等地, 内容涉及地质、 古生物、考古、气象、地理、水文、历史、文化和民俗等多个学科, 考察的地域之广阔、时 间之漫长、学科之广泛、成果之丰硕都是空前的。 在极度艰难困苦的条件下, 考察取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就, 积累了浩如烟海的第一手基础资料, 极大地促进和推动了我国科学技术的现代化进程, 增进了中瑞之间的友谊, 加强了中外的学术合作与交流, 为我国锻炼和培养 了一批早期的科学人才。 此次考察在我国科学发展史以及对外学术合作交流史上都具有重大的历史和现实意义。  相似文献   
85.
贾丹  张成鹏  唐菲  刘艳飞 《地理科学》2015,35(7):919-924
提取历史文献中有关清代北疆地区的农事记录,分析作物种植结构的变化,并与树轮重建的北疆5~8月温度序列进行对比,发现作物结构对气候有较好的响应,在3个偏冷阶段,即1732~1744、1776~1796、1828~1848年间,奏折记录显示以青稞、糜子、小麦喜凉、温作物为主。在3个偏暖阶段,即1745~1775年,1797~1827年,1849~1860年间,北疆开始试种豌豆、小麦、谷子喜温作物成功并逐年扩大种植面积。  相似文献   
86.
Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.  相似文献   
87.
This paper quantitatively divides the Tang Dynasty into five prosperous and chaotic social periods,and discusses the relationship between the social division and climate change. The criteria for determining prosperity and chaos is refered to a set of systematic war data. In order to verify the reasonableness of the division,we applied 1-way-ANOVA to test the differences of each variable index between prosperity and chaos periods. The results of social division are as follows: from AD 618 to AD 626,and from AD 743 to AD 784,as well as from AD 860 to AD 907 were the chaotic periods;while from AD 627 to A0 742,and from AD 785 to AD 859 were the prosperous periods. The results of 1-way-ANOVA show that,climate change,general wars,rebellions,offensive border wars,defensive border wars,agricultural harvests,and population growth rates are all significantly different between prosperity and chaos,except the general external wars. War data were used to quantitatively represent the social changes in the Tang Dynasty. In chaotic periods,the main types of wars are rebellions and defensive border wars,while the main type of wars in prosperous periods are offensive border wars. To explore the relationship between climate change and social division means to make clear the relationship between climate change and wars. The results of correlation analysis show the decrease of agricultural harvest due to lower temperature and less precipitation leads to the shortage of resources supply,so that the likelihood of rebellions increase;while during the warm periods with abundant rainfall,increasing agricultural harvest stimulates rapid population growth. Due to the limitations of technology and land resources,offensive border wars for expansion are more likely to occur.  相似文献   
88.
清代北京城市郊区行政界线探索   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
城市郊区是行政上隶属于城市的城市外围地区,是兼有城市和田园双重职能与景观特色的过渡地带,是城市的重要组成部分;又是城市发展到一定历史阶段的产物,在城市发展史上占有重要地位。北京城市郊区清代称为城属,其行政边界划定于雍正中。但这条行政界线的具体走向却长期存在歧异认识,实有必要予以考察。为此,本文系统考察了清代北京城市城属行政边界的大体走向,进而阐述了清雍正中勘定京师城属外部行政边界的意义。  相似文献   
89.
横水西周墓地部分青铜器残留泥芯的矿物组成及成分分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、显微镜观察等理化分析测试手段对山西绛县横水西周墓地部分青铜器残留的泥芯进行了成分、物相等检测分析,并与山西侯马、陕西扶风李家铸铜遗址进行了比较分析。结果表明,横水西周墓地泥芯与当地土壤在成分、物相等方面具有高度的一致性,说明多数青铜器可能在当地铸造而成。  相似文献   
90.
利用显微镜对重庆忠县翠屏山西晋时期崖墓出土的玛瑙珠、琥珀饰品和玻璃珠的表面痕迹进行了显微观察,对它们的加工工艺进行了分析和探讨。其中,玛瑙珠在粗磨过程中应使用了粒径较大、粒度不均匀的石英砂粒,导致玛瑙珠的外形不规整,表面多大而深的凹坑;琥珀饰品的钻孔外缘和表面存在较多应力裂纹,显示当时的玉匠对琥珀的加工尚不能克服琥珀性脆、怕热的缺点;玻璃珠至少可见铸造——切削成形、缠珠和直管切割3种制作工艺。这些饰品的特点反映了西晋时期平民社会所使用的饰品的面貌和工艺水平,为中国古代宝玉石和玻璃器的断代以及工艺研究提供了新的信息。  相似文献   
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