明代江南地区的疫灾地理

疫灾是急性传染病大规模流行引起的灾害,自古就是人类健康和生命安全的巨大威胁。依据历史文献,采用数理统计、GIS分析和地图表达方法对明代江南地区的疫灾时空变迁进行研究。从时间演化看,明代江南地区至少有63年发生过疫灾,疫灾频度约23%。其中,1368-1464年间为9%,1465-1566年间为25%,1567-1644年间为36%,总体上疫灾趋于频繁。嘉靖、万历、崇祯三朝为疫灾群发期,集中了整个明代63%的疫灾之年。夏秋季节是疫灾多发季节,明代75%的疫灾发生在这两个季节。疫灾频度的长期上升趋势明显,整个明代经历了7个波长为30~50年的波动周期。从空间分布看,明代江南地区的疫灾与太湖的安澜与否密切相关,疫灾大多由水灾引起,因此,其疫灾分布重心始终位于吴县境内的太湖之中。疫灾高发区不断变化,1368-1464年间是苏州、湖州、松江（今上海）围成的三角地带,1465-1566年间是以苏州为中心的湖滨地区,1567-1644年间则几乎所有府城周边都是疫灾高发区。明代江南地区疫灾地理分布的总体特征是：府级城市疫灾多于县级城市,交通沿线城市疫灾多于地方偏僻城市,人口稠密区疫灾多于人口稀疏区;疫灾“热点区”分布在湖区,“冷点区”分布在山区。     

辽代西辽河流域气候变化及其环境特征

来自^14C测年、花粉分析、历史文献记载、考古调查几方面研究证明,辽前期西辽河流域处于气候温暖期,此时流域内发育了黑土层,为农业生产发展提供了条件。而且由植物、动物乃至于流域内的河流、湖泊组成的生态环境也处于良性发展阶段,为辽王朝的崛起提供了基础。西辽河流域的地理位置决定了该地区基本的自然地理特征,气候波动不会超越该地区所处自然地带的局限性,辽代西辽河流域在典型草原的背景上,仍然分布有成片的沙地,且时常存在风沙现象。     

Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

To understand historical human-induced land use/cover change (LUCC) and its climatic effects, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use/cover changes with explicit spatial information. In this study, based on the historically documented cropland area at county level, we reconstructed the spatially explicit cropland distribution at a cell size of 1 km × 1 km for the Songnen Plain in the late Qing Dynasty (1908 AD). The reconstructions were carried out using two methods. One method (hereafter, referred to as method I) allocated the cropland to cells ordered from a high agricultural suitability index (ASI) to a low ASI, but they were all within the domain of potential cropland area. The potential cropland area was created by excluding natural woodland, swamp, water bodies, and mountains from the study area. The other method (hereafter, method II) allocated the cropland to cells in the order from high ASI to low ASI within the domain of cropland area in 1959. This method was based on the hypothesis that the cropland area domain in 1959 resulted from enlargement of the cropland area domain in 1908. We then compared these two reconstructions. We found that the cropland distributions reconstructed by the two methods exhibit a similar spatial distribution pattern. Both reconstructions show that the cropland was mostly found in the southern and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain. The two reconstructions matched each other for about 68% of the total cropland area. By spatially comparing the unmatched cropland cells of the two reconstructions with the settlements for each county, we found that unmatched cropland cells from method I are closer to settlements than those from method II. This finding suggests that reconstruction using method I may have less bias than reconstruction with method II.     

The urban land area Change in China from 1820 to 1999

According to the length of city perimeter and the administration systems recorded in the historical literatures of the Qing Dynasty, a set of methods is developed to convert the historical records into the area of urban land use, by which a set of preliminary estimated urban land use data of the 18 provinces during the Emperor Jiaqing (1820AD) in the Qing Dynasty, is achieved. Based on the above achievements, the regional differences of urban land use are analyzed, and the comparison in urban land use between the Qing Dynasty and present (1999) is made.     

清代华北地区冬半年温度变化重建与分析

利用清代地方志中的异常初、终霜记载,根据器测时期华北初、终霜的早、晚与温度变化的关系,重建了1646-1910 年华北地区时间分辨率为5 年的冬半年温度距平序列,分析了期间的冷暖变化特征.结果表明：清代华北地区气候以寒冷为主要特征,冬半年温度平均较现代(1951-1980 年)约低0.55℃,最冷5 年(1656-1660 年)较现代约低1.42℃;清代华北地区冬半年气候存在“冷-暖-冷”的世纪波动,两个寒冷时段起讫时间分别为1646-1700 年(平均较现代约低0.77℃)和1781-1910 年(平均较现代约低0.58℃),1701-1780 年虽然相对较暖,但冬半年温度仍较现代略低(平均较现代约低0.36℃);从更高时间分辨率看,清代冷暖时段内同样存在较小的波动,清后期寒冷时段出现了两个“冷谷”.     

清代顺、康、雍、乾时期文字狱的地域分异研究

文化和思想的专制统治在中国乃至世界历史上都是一种常见的专制统治手段。文字狱作为其典型产物,具有重大的学术研究价值。研究选取具有代表意义的清代顺治、康熙、雍正、乾隆时期(1644~1795年)发生的文字狱作为分析样本,力图从区域差异的角度进行探讨。研究发现区域人文、经济、政治等因素对文字狱的地域分异影响具有决定性作用,人文环境决定了文人群体必然直接影响到文字狱的分布,而经济环境则通过影响教育水平和社会环境从而间接影响了文字狱的分布,政治事件、统治者性格、统治方式、政治地位等政治因素对文字狱的地域分异的影响则充满了偶然性。随着时间的推移文字狱分布呈现出由"离散型"分布向集中度较高的"背弓型"分布演变的规律,这是人文、经济、政治等历史地理要素对文字狱地域分异综合影响的反映。研究弥补了历史学、社会学等其它学科研究方法的局限性,试图从地理学的视角探索中国古代文化专制的规律,不仅具有历史文化地理方面填补空白的价值,同时对现今自由文化之发展也具有警示意义。     

毛乌素沙地历史沙漠化过程与人地关系

通过对毛乌素沙地东南缘的一处沉积剖面的粒度分析,揭示该区历史时期的环境变化过程.结果表明:毛乌素沙地历史时期环境一直处于退化之中,主要经历唐中后期和明后期的两次沙漠活化过程.剖面记录的这两次沙漠化与历史文献及考古发现可以相互印证,因此剖面结果对阐释历史文献的记载具有很好的补充作用,同时历史文献也验证了剖面结果的可信性.这两次沙漠活化使毛乌素沙地环境严重退化,尤其是明代后期发生的沙漠化是形成现代地表景观的主要原因.由于此次沙漠化过程与气候过程不一致,因此明末至今的沙漠化与人类活动相关.     

玉门关段汉长城墙体结构抗震性能研究

基于野外调查和室内试验建立了玉门关段汉长城结构的三维动力分析模型,其中以长城墙体结构中的夯土层、芦苇层和芦苇绳为主要研究对象。采用有限差分法计算了该段长城结构在地震动作用下的抗震性能。计算结果表明:在自重作用下,芦苇层与夯土层变形机制相互补充,芦苇绳的拉结作用明显,整个墙体变形合理;从墙体底部到顶部,地震波的高频成分减少,低频成分增加;在强震作用下,墙体芦苇层的最大应力远小于单根芦苇纤维的抗拉强度,处在比较安全的状态;采用格栅单元和锚索单元分别模拟芦苇层、芦苇绳是合理的。研究成果可为河西地区土遗址保护提供参考。     

Reconstruction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lu</Emphasis>-level cropland areas in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD976–1078)

Based on data on taxed-cropland area and on the number of households in historical documents, a probabilistic model of cropland distribution and a cropland area allocation model were designed and validated. Cropland areas for the years AD976, 997, 1066, and 1078 were estimated at the level of Lu (an administrative region of the Northern Song Dynasty). The results indicated that (1) the cropland area of the whole study region for AD976, 997, 1066, and 1078 was about 468.27 million mu (a Chinese unit of area, with1 mu=666.7m²), 495.53 million mu, 697.65 million mu, and 731.94 million mu, respectively. The fractional cropland area (FCA) increased from 10.7% to 16.8%, and the per capita cropland area decreased from 15.7 mu to 8.4 mu. (2) With regard to the cropland spatial pattern, the FCA of the southeast, north, and southwest regions of the Northern Song territory increased by 12.0%, 5.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. The FCA of some regions in the Yangtze River Plain increased to greater than 40%, and the FCA of the North China Plain increased to greater than 20%. However, the FCA of the southwest region (except for the Chengdu Plain) in the Northern Song territory was less than 6%. (3) There were 84.2% Lus whose absolute relative error was smaller than 20% in the mid Northern Song Dynasty. The validation results indicate that our models are reasonable and that the results of reconstruction are credible.     

"船台说"可以休矣——评《广州文物考古集·广州秦造船遗址论稿专辑》

根据《广州文物考古集·广州秦造船遗址论稿专辑》所报导发掘的事实 ,认为“船台说”把南越国宫殿建筑物被大火焚毁后的木柱脚 ,误认为是“木墩” ,进而把“木墩”看成可造船台的“木墩” ,又把垫木柱脚的木板 ,误为船台“滑板” ,结果道出“船台”来。所谓“船台”其实是建筑物地基木结构。