Characteristics and origin of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in crude oils from the western Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China sea

The quantitative characterization of carbon isotopes of n-alkanes is commonly carried out in organic geochemical studies. Possible controls on carbon isotopes include source organic matter, maturity, fractionation during oil expulsion and migration, and the mixing of different oils. In this study of the origin of crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin, the influences of all of these factors have been considered in reaching a conclusion. Carbon isotopes of n-alkanes in the crude oils, and the extracts of the two effective source rocks (the Wenchang and Enping formations) in the basin, exhibit clear differences. The Wenchang source rocks have heavy δ¹³C values that remain almost constant or become slightly heavier with increasing carbon number. The Enping source rocks have light δ¹³C values that become lighter with increasing carbon number. Two groups of oils in this area were identified based on the carbon isotopes of the n-alkanes; groupIoils are similar to extracts of the Wenchang source rocks. However, the groupIIoils are different from both the Wenchang and Enping source rocks and the carbon isotopic profiles of their n-alkanes exhibit a “V” feature with increasing carbon number. The results of artificial thermal maturation experiments indicate that, from the early stage to the peak stage of oil generation (with EasyRo between 0.64% and 1.02%), the δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in the pyrolysis oils become heavier by about 3‰ with increasing thermal maturity, but the shape of the carbon isotopic profiles are not significantly changed. Calculated δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in “mixed” artificial pyrolysis oils indicate that the mixture of oils generated from the same source rocks with different maturities could not change the carbon isotopic profile of the n-alkanes, however, a mixing of the Wenchang and Enping oils could give the “V” feature in the profiles, similar to the groupIIoils in this area. The groupIIoils appear to be mixed Wenchang and Enping oils, the latter being the dominant component in the mixture. We conclude that the source organic matter and the degree of mixing are the main factors controlling the carbon isotopic characteristics of n-alkanes in crude oils in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地沉积环境演化与碳的累积

2007年在黄河三角洲布设一口23.7 m深的浅钻(ZK5),对ZK5进行沉积学观测及原位密度、总碳、有机碳、Al和营养元素实验室测试分析,对ZK5的沉积物性质、有孔虫种类和地层等进行分析,将ZK5自上而下划分为7个沉积环境,揭示了滨海湿地地质演化过程。利用AMS14C测年方法,结合黄河改道的历史,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对7个沉积地层进行了年代确定。利用所确定的年代计算了不同沉积环境总碳(TC)和有机碳(Corg)的加积速率。结果表明:TC和Corg与各营养元素及沉积物的沉积速率呈很好的线性相关,沉积物的沉积速率是Corg和TC加积速率的主控因素。还进一步指出,虽然现代黄河三角洲TC、Corg浓度相对较低(质量比分别为9~20 mg/g,1~4 mg/g),但由于其高沉积速率(最高可达60 cm/a),Corg的加积速率高于世界其他高Corg浓度的湿地,特别是浅海湿地(如三角洲前缘),其Corg加积速率可高达2 102 g/(m2·a)。由此,可以断言现代黄河三角洲是很好的碳汇地质体。     

长江口营养盐结构特征及其对浮游植物的限制

根据2013年5月、11月两个航次的调查资料,分析了长江口营养盐浓度及其结构的分布变化,并探讨了营养盐对浮游植物的限制情况。长江口营养盐分布存在季节差异:口门外NO3-N、NO2-N浓度均为春季高秋季低,PO34-P、3SiO2-Si、NH4-N浓度则秋季高春季低,口门内除NO2-N外,NO3-N、PO34-P、SiO23-Si、NH4-N浓度均为秋季高于春季。NO3-N、PO34-P、SiO23-Si浓度从近岸向外海逐渐降低,NO2-N、NH4-N浓度分布规律不明显。NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形态,其占DIN的比例为春季95%、秋季83%。春季、秋季DIN/P均高于16,表现出长江口过量的DIN输入,春季Si/DIN基本小于1,秋季Si/DIN大于1。春季由于硅藻的局部生长使DIN/P异常升高、Si/DIN异常降低,秋季西北部海区受苏北沿岸流影响,呈低DIN/P值和高Si/DIN值分布。受含过量DIN、SiO23-Si的长江冲淡水的影响,春、秋季均表现为PO34-P潜在相对限制。春季由于浮游植物的大量吸收,局部出现PO34-P、SiO23-Si的绝对限制。当同时考虑绝对限制和潜在相对限制时,春季15.38%的站位受PO34-P限制,限制情况较上世纪90年代更为突出。     

长江口九段沙潮沟系统分维研究

以长江口九段沙为研究区,采用2013年8月13日的Landsat-8遥感全色波段得到的九段沙潮沟分布图,利用Horton-Strahler原则将九段沙潮沟进行了分级。然后使用网格法对各个等级的潮沟进行了分维研究,计算了九段沙不同等级的每个潮沟左右两侧的维数值,并结合潮沟的宽度大小,对其维数值进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明,九段沙相同等级潮沟中,潮沟左侧维数的变化范围大于右侧,即潮沟左侧发育的复杂程度大于右侧;不同等级潮沟宽度的最小值变化幅度不大,但潮沟宽度的最大值变化幅度较大;不同等级潮沟宽度的变化和其潮沟左右两侧维数差值变化的相关性较小;不同等级潮沟,无论左侧还是右侧,潮沟维数大小随着潮沟的等级数和潮沟的平均宽度的增大而增大。     

大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带的水-岩作用模拟

大沽河是青岛市最大的地下水源地,过量开采导致严重的地下咸水入侵,研究地下咸-淡水的地球化学作用对于地下咸水的治理具有重要的指导作用。本文选取大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带作为研究区,在地下水动态监测的基础上,通过地下水水质和含水介质矿物分析,借助当前成熟的水文地球化学模拟软件—PHREEQC 2.0,计算地下水中主要离子和络合离子的含量,定量确定矿物的饱和指数和地下水流向上矿物相与水之间的物质交换量。研究结果表明:(1)地下水中钠、钾、镁、钙主要以单一离子形态存在,硫、碳主要以络阴离子形态存在,而硅和铝主要以络合物形态存在;(2)在地下水流动路径上,方解石、白云石、伊利石、高岭土处于过饱和状态;而石膏、CO2、氯化钠、萤石、玉髓处于不饱和状态;(3)咸淡水过渡带地下水化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Na型水向Cl-Na型水转变的趋势。     

黄河沉积物向渤海湾扩散的沉积地球化学示踪

使用ICP-AES和ICP-MS对渤海中部118°54′E左右南北向断面的表层沉积物中53种常、微量及稀土元素进行了测试,研究了其含量变化和分布特征,并进行了物质组成分析。研究表明:该区沉积物以B94站为界,南北差异明显,南部区域沉积物以黏土质粉砂为主,富集Al2O3,CaO,Fe2O3,MgO,MnO,P2O5和TiO等常量元素以及绝大多数的微量元素和稀土元素等与细颗粒黏土矿物相关的元素;北部区域沉积物以粉砂-砂为主,富集SiO2,K2O和Na2O等常量元素以及Zr,Ba,Sr,Sb和Hf等微量元素,稀土元素相对亏损。物源对比表明南部沉积物具有黄河来源沉积物特点,北部沉积物具有滦河来源特点,两者的分界大致在38°42′N附近。河口动力过程、渤海环流是影响该区沉积物扩散的主要因素。     

In vitro screening for endocrine disruptive activity in selected South African harbours and river mouths

Various waterborne anthropogenic contaminants disrupt the endocrine systems of wildlife and humans, targeting reproductive pathways, among others. Very little is known, however, regarding the occurrence of endocrine disruptive activity in South African freshwater ecosystems, and coastal ecosystems have not been studied in this regard. In a first attempt to investigate endocrine disruptive activity in South African coastal waters, surface water samples collected from harbours, river mouths and estuaries in three metropolitan municipalities, eThekwini (which includes Durban), Nelson Mandela (specifically Port Elizabeth Harbour) and City of Cape Town, were screened for (anti) oestrogenicity and (anti)androgenicity using recombinant yeast bioassays. Moreover, levels of the female hormone 17β-(o)estradiol (E2) were determined in all samples, as well as a selection of hydrocarbons in the eThekwini samples. A high proportion of samples collected from eThekwini were oestrogenic, whereas none from Port Elizabeth Harbour and only a single river mouth sampled in the City of Cape Town were oestrogenic. E2 was detected in all the samples tested, but at higher concentrations at the eThekwini and City of Cape Town localities than Port Elizabeth Harbour. In addition, the recombinant yeast assays revealed that anti-androgenicity was widespread, being detected in the majority of samples screened apart from those representing Port Elizabeth Harbour. Conversely, no anti-oestrogenic or androgenic activity was detected. Anti-androgenicity did not associate with hydrocarbon loads, providing evidence that other anti-androgens were responsible for the observed activity. The present data suggest potential reproductive disruption in marine and estuarine fauna inhabiting the eThekwini and City of Cape Town regions.     

温州南鳌江口海域海床近期冲淤演变分析

温州南部鳌江口海域近年来先后完成了筑坝促淤、围垦吹填、维护航道等一系列影响水流泥沙和地形地貌变化的大型工程。根据2010年实测水文泥沙资料和4幅不同时期(1963,2003,2005,2011年)地形图对比分析了鳌江口海域的地形变化趋势,结果显示鳌江口海域海床冲淤过程大体上经过了3个不同时期,即1963-2003年江南围涂等海区缓慢淤积期;2003-2005年该海域既冲刷又淤积的稳定期;2005-2011年整个水域以轻微冲刷为主的冲刷期。经过分析得知鳌江口海域海床近年来的变化主要是由航道疏浚、围垦吹填及工程促淤引起的,而围填海工程引起动力变化和泥沙减少也对海床冲淤有一定程度的影响。     

海水盐度对沉降泥沙固结过程影响研究

黄河每年输送上亿吨泥沙入海,其中80%以上沉积在河口附近水下三角洲。受黄河入海径流量、气候及海洋动力条件影响,黄河口海域海水盐度变化显著。目前,不同盐度海水环境下入海泥沙沉降形成的海床土,固结过程有何差异尚不清楚。本文在黄河水下三角洲潮坪配制不同盐度的流态沉积物,模拟不同沉积环境下新沉积土的固结过程,利用轻型贯入测试、十字板剪切测试等现场原位试验,实时观测沉积环境盐度对沉降泥沙固结过程的影响。研究发现:随着海水盐度增加,沉积物固结强度增大,沉积环境盐度每增高1‰,沉积物固结后强度可增加0.15倍;海水盐度对沉积物固结速率的影响,在初始阶段表现不明显,在沉积物固结后期,盐度每增高1‰,固结速率可增长1.23倍;海水盐度的增高,还加剧了沉积物固结强度的空间非均匀性。本研究的发现,促进了对河口区海底工程环境的认识。     

长江口洪水期潮波变形数值模拟研究

由长江口现场水文测验资料分析知,洪水期潮波上溯过程中,潮波变形具有先加剧后趋缓的特点。基于非结构网格FVM方法建立大通至外海的大范围数学模型,复演长江口潮波传播过程,以此为基础,研究长江口洪水期潮波变形特征的形成原因。研究认为:洪水期长江口潮波变形转折点位于潮流界上游;转折点下游潮波变形逐渐加剧是由于高低潮位潮波传播速度差异造成的;转折点上游潮波变形趋缓是由于高潮位重力引起的潮波传播阻力对潮波传播影响大于高低潮位潮波传播速度差异造成的。