用于有机废水处理的改性膨润土的制备新方法研究

提出一套不同于传统工艺的有机化膨润土制备方法,并首次采用COD(化学需氧量)与XRD(X射线衍射)双重指标衡量有机化膨润土的合成效果。COD测试表明,选择合适的改性剂种类和用量,是制备废水处理用有机化膨润土的两个前提。XRD分析说明,新工艺制备的有机化膨润土中蒙脱石的d001明显增大,有机改性剂长链分子已经插入蒙脱石矿物层间,合成效果良好。新的有机化膨润土合成工艺省去了过滤、洗涤、烘干、粉碎等步骤,能耗大大降低,成本优势明显,能够有力地促进有机化膨润土在废水处理领域的规模化应用。     

K-H3OFe3(SO4)2(OH)6铁矾的XRD研究

根据X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现: A Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆(A=K⁺、H₃O⁺)系列铁钒的XRD数据十分相近,难以用XRD区别,需通过能谱(EDS)辅助分析,才能区分此类铁矾。另外,此类铁矾的003和107面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而增大,且呈一元三次方程的关系;而033和220面网间距d随K⁺含量增大而减小,呈一元二次方程的关系。对该现象从铁矾晶体结构方面进行解释:K⁺、H₃O⁺离子位于较大空隙中,且沿着Z轴方向排列,当K⁺、H₃O⁺离子之间相互替换时,会导致该铁矾晶体结构在Z轴方向有较明显的变化。     

Use of mine spoils from Teruel coal mining district (NE,Spain)

Coal mine restoration projects increase public perception of mining companies. Spain has relatively few examples of completed opencast mine rehabilitation projects. This study seeks to obtain the use of mine spoils from coal mines in Teruel. The studied mine spoils may be used as raw material for the Spanish ceramic industry, located in the provinces of Castellon, Valencia and Teruel. This study specifically discusses the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous materials from coal deposits in Estercuel basin, around Teruel and Castellon in Spain. These provinces have a large ceramic industry. A characterization of mine spoils from coal deposits has been carried out. This characterization is based on the data of both mineral and chemical analysis. The mineralogical characterization was complemented with SEM/EDAX. The study of the chemical composition allows the evaluation of the applicability of the studied mine spoils to the following industries: refractory, fine clay, red clay for pavement and coating, and heavy clay. The clay used for refractory industry has the highest compositional demand. The positive results obtained on this set of preliminary tests lead us to envisage new research programs, focusing on testing these mine spoils on a semi-industrial scale.     

钦-杭带南段坡仔营斑岩型钼矿中黄铁矿微组构及其标型意义

坡仔营钼矿是钦-杭成矿带南段最重要斑岩型矿床之一。该矿床发育典型"中心式面型蚀变"和A、B和D三种类型矿化脉。为了加深对其成矿过程的认识,本研究选取不同矿脉中黄铁矿,通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）和激光拉曼光谱（Raman）,研究其微组构标型特征,以期反演成矿过程的热力学及动力学信息。SEM结果显示,A脉内黄铁矿较少,呈100~200μm半自形-他形,籽晶呈扁平乳滴状;B脉黄铁矿强烈发育,呈500~1000μm自形-半自形,籽晶呈近椭圆形层状;D脉内黄铁矿呈立方体产出,粒度10~20mm左右,三组相互垂直晶纹发育,籽晶棱角状线形展布。A脉→B脉→D脉中黄铁矿粒度逐渐变大,籽晶更加规则,指示成矿早期至晚期,黄铁矿结晶速度逐渐变缓,成生环境趋于稳定。XRD结果展示,各样品谱线均发育着多组黄铁矿特征峰,但其强峰发育存在差异。A脉最强峰为28.5°,次强峰37.1°;B脉和D脉相应峰位分别为37.1°、33.1°和33.1°、56.3°。衍射峰型特征表明,A脉样品晶形应以（1 1 1）面组成的正八面体单形为主,其次为（2 1 0）晶面组成的五角十二面体,其成生温度应大于300度;B脉样品应以（2 1 0）组成的五角十二面体单形为主,其次为（1 0 0）晶面组成的立方体单形,形成温度应介于200~300℃之间或略大;D脉样品主要以（1 0 0）晶面组成的立方体为主,其形成温度应小于200℃。Raman光谱揭示,A脉样品的ν_Eg=348.0~350.7cm^-1、ν_Ag=385.2~386.5cm^-1、ν_Tg=441.9~422.8cm^-1,与之相比,B脉和D脉的对应值分别向低频偏移2~6cm^-1和5~14cm^-1;A脉样品的散射强度I_Eg=388.8~745.5、I_Ag=1532.8~2071.8、I_Tg=238.9~254.4,而B及D脉样品的散射强度依次明显增强。自A脉→B脉→D脉,拉曼位移向低频偏移,散射强度依次增强,指示三者的成生压力依次降低。本研究认为,坡仔营斑岩型钼矿的成生早期为一个高温、高压岩浆热液活动为主阶段,随着成矿温度、压力的降低,成矿系统氧逸度逐渐降低,硫及金属元素逐步转变为金属硫化物形式而成矿。     

阳山金矿带金的赋存状态及其对成矿过程的指示意义

阳山金矿带是西秦岭金矿带已探明金储量最大的独立金矿区,其矿化样式主要为微细浸染状矿化,其次为石英脉型矿化,可见金与“不可见金”均有发育,该金矿带是研究造山型金矿金赋存状态的理想地区,其研究成果对理解金成矿作用和过程以及指导选矿工艺具有重要意义。论文在翔实的野外地质调查和显微观察基础上,将成矿期划分为早阶段(黄铁矿石英)、主阶段(黄铁矿毒砂绢云母石英)和晚阶段(辉锑矿石英方解石),综合应用电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子质谱仪、高分辨率透射电镜、X射线粉晶衍射等技术,剖析阳山金矿带不同成矿阶段金的赋存状态,进而探讨其对成矿过程的指示意义。研究表明：成矿早、主阶段以微细浸染状硫化物矿化为主,金主要以晶格金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和毒砂中;而成矿晚阶段以脉状矿化为主,金主要以自然金的形式存在。金的赋存状态的变化,指示从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿温度、压力逐渐降低,成矿流体成分由富As流体演化为相对贫As且富Sb的流体。     

Catalytic decarboxylations of fatty acids in immature oil source rocks

More attention has been paid to the formation conditions of petroleum and gas[1,2]. It is gen-erally accepted that various types of organic materials have served as the most important source of petroleum and gas in sediments. The formation of hydrocarbons…     

AFM observations and simulations of jarosite growth at the molecular scale: probing the basis for the incorporation of foreign ions into jarosite as a storage mineral

 The growth of K-jarosite was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and molecular simulations. SEM micrographs show crystals with almost quadratic and, to a minor extent, triangular faces. These were identified to be {0 1 2} and (0 0 1) faces, respectively, using an X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. These results are in agreement with molecular simulations that show that the dipole-free {0 1 2} face is the most stable surface, followed by the (0 0 1) surface, that can lower its dipole moment perpendicular to the surface during relaxation. On the {0 1 2} face, the most stable step directions were identified. From these, an idealized equilibrium growth island can be constructed when the corner energies are minimized by the successive removal of corner ions until a stoichiometric growth island is obtained. Such an equilibrium growth island is the basis for developing a spiral growth model that explains the mechanism of spiral formation as observed using AFM. Furthermore, reactive sites that are potential candidates for the incorporation of foreign ions can be located. Received: 2 January 2001 / Accepted: 30 April 2001     

高岭石热转变产物~(29)Si、~(27)Al魔角旋转核磁共振研究

运用魔角旋转核磁共振结合红外光谱及X射线衍射等手段 ,研究了苏州高岭石 5 60～ 160 0℃热转变产物 ,主要获得以下结论 :①高岭石 偏高岭石 莫来石的转变系列的确存在结构上的连续性。其转变经历了几个阶段 :脱羟阶段 ( 4 0 0～ 60 0℃ ) ,偏高岭石阶段 ( 60 0～ 80 0℃ ) ,相分离阶段 ( 80 0～ 110 0℃ ) ,莫来石阶段( 110 0～ 160 0℃ )。②莫来石形成过程没有出现Al2 O3的大量分凝 ,但存在SiO2 的分凝。③偏高岭石 莫来石转变过程的中间相为Al Si尖晶石和准莫来石。④引起 10 0 0℃放热反应的主要因素是准莫来石的形成。     

青岛即墨温泉喷流沉积物及其沉积模式

本文应用XRD测试技术和岩石地层学方法、生物地层学方法，将即墨温泉地热区第四系划分为层Ⅰ、层Ⅱ1、层Ⅱ2和层Ⅲ，根据沉积物中所含石膏、岩盐等与温泉地热水相关的自生矿物的空间分布和以直隶小旋螺(Gyraulus chihliensis)为代表的腹足类陆生软体动物化石，以及以土星介(Illyocypris sp.)为代表的节肢动物介形虫化石的空间分布，确立Ⅱ1层为温泉喷流沉积，是第四纪活动断裂控制的地球化学异常的产物，以此建立起温泉喷流沉积模式。     

红辉沸石的热稳定性研究

红辉沸石是辉沸石族中的一个矿物种 ,属斜方晶系。其化学组成主要为 Si O2 和 Al2 O3,其次为 Ca O。 X射线衍射分析和红外光谱分析研究不同温度下热处理的红辉沸石相变和晶体结构变化特征。研究表明 ,红辉沸石的热稳定性较差 ,其热稳定温度低于 30 0℃ ,结构完全破坏温度为 5 0 0℃。