基于X射线衍射法对天然气水合物测试分析研究概述

天然气水合物（下称“水合物”）是由烃类气体和水分子组成,主要赋存于具有低温高压环境的海底沉积物和陆地永久冻土区,形成固态类冰的笼型结晶化合物（Sloan,1998）,又称“可燃冰”或者笼形包合物。水合物储载气体的能力极强,是一种超高密度的能源贮藏体,理论上1 m3水合物,储载了164 m3的甲烷气体（施伟光,2015）,据估计水合物全球储量是全球化石燃料的2倍,可以说是潜力巨大的高效清洁能源。     

The MgCr2O4–MgFe2O4 solid solution series: effects of octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ on T–O bond lengths

The influence on the spinel structure of Fe³⁺ → Cr substitution was studied in flux-grown synthetic single crystals of the magnesiochromite–magnesioferrite (MgCr₂O₄–MgFe₂O₄) solid solution series. Samples were analysed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analyses, optical absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopy. With the exception of iron-poor samples (3–12 mol-% MgFe₂O₄), optical absorption and Mössbauer spectra show that iron occurs almost exclusively as trivalent Fe in the present samples. A very intense and broad absorption band at ca 7,800 cm^?1 dominates the optical absorption spectra of samples with higher Fe-contents. The appearance of this band is related to a distinct structural disorder of Fe³⁺ and a development of magnetic ordering as demonstrated by Mössbauer spectra. Profound composition-related changes are observed in the Mössbauer spectra, which are magnetically unsplit in the range 2–41 mol-% magnesioferrite, but become magnetically split in the range 59–100 mol-% magnesioferrite. Structural parameters a ₀ and M–O increase with magnesioferrite content and inversion degree, while u and T–O decrease. Our study confirms the previously reported (Lavina et al. 2002) influence of Fe³⁺ at the M site on T–O bond lengths in the spinel structure.     

符山石玉的初步研究

近期在云南和广州市场上出现了一种玉石,与翡翠混合镶嵌,其外观与翡翠极为相似,对检测工作造成了复杂性。通过采用常规宝石学测试、岩矿鉴定和IR与XRD分析,对该玉石成品和原料样品的特征进行了研究。结果表明,该玉石的主要矿物组成为符山石,含少量的钙铝榴石,为一种符山石玉,其产地不详。根据该玉石的常规宝石学特征、偏光显微镜下的特征以及IR和XRD特征可明显地与翡翠相区分。     

Characterisation of dispersed organic matter from lower Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks by organic petrography, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses

Dispersed organic matter (DOM) concentrates of C-rich rocks from areas with different metamorphic characteristics were studied by organic petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis. The concentrates contain several types of DOM with different morphologies, reflectance, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman characteristics.Four different morphological types were identified in the two studied areas. The different types have different distributions and their reflectance is quite variable in the four types, with a dominance of the highest reflectance values in the DOM from the area with the highest metamorphic grade.XRD analyses of samples from the areas reveal the presence of fine graphite together with non-graphitised carbons.The Raman spectral profiles show the usual bands G (1582 cm⁻¹) and D1 (1350 cm⁻¹), on the first-order Raman spectrum, and S1 (2700 cm⁻¹) on the second-order spectrum. Additional weaker bands, D2 (1620 cm⁻¹), and more rarely D3 (1500 cm⁻¹) and S2 (2900 cm⁻¹), are present. These are characteristic for disordered carbons in the different types of DOM and in both studied areas. However, the Raman parameters (D1/G intensity area ratio and the frequency and width of G band) indicate variable degrees of organisation in all DOM types.The existence of different types of DOM with different degrees of ordering in the same lithologies and metamorphic grade seems to be related to different organic precursors, as they are graphitised to different extents under the same metamorphic conditions. However, in the same lithologies and metamorphic grade, the existence of various stages of graphitisation within the same type of DOM can only be explained though the interaction of DOM with the metamorphic fluids present in the rocks. The ordering graphitisation process may be due to the existence of metamorphic fluid circulation events with a variety of compositions.     

Disposal of wastewater containing Congo Red by synthesizing layer double hydroxide in-situ

Based on the principle of synthesis, a new method was put forward to dispose Congo Red anion-containing dyestuff from wastewater and its feasibility was also examined. The principle of the method is described as follows： Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are hydrolyzed to form Mg/Al-LDH by adding Mg^2＋, Al^3＋ and NaOH in wastewater containing anion dyestuff, which is selectively intercalated with the interlayer of LDH in order to balance positive structural charge. While Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are co-precipitated to form LDH, the anion dyestuff in wastewater will be removed by LDH synthesized in-situ, as is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of settlings and chemical analysis of aqueous samples. In this work, we studied the influence of Mg/Al mole ratio, pH value, time and temperature of reaction on the removal of anion dyestuff and the use of Mg and Al. The experimental results showed the maximum removal efficiency of anion dyestuff could be attained when pH value was 9.0, and Mg/Al mol ratio was 2 ： 1, reaction duration was 2 hours, and the effect of temperature was not remarkable, and the removal efficiency could reach 100%. Meanwhile, the Mg and Al added could be made good use of. This technology has the advantage of extraordinary efficiency of wastewater disposal.     

A New Method for Clay Mineral Analysis and Its Application in Geology

X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks in a low-angle diffraction section of clay minerals, especially those of authigenic origin, have broadening and tailing features in shape. Using the five basic parameters, peak position, peak height, width, shape coefficient and asymmetry, to describe an XRD peak is more accurate, comprehensive and integrated than using only 3 of them, position, height and width. Following the concept of the five basic parameters of an XRD peak, the program Decoform proposed in this study provides more information in mineralogical analyses by fitting actual XRD profiles. In combination with the HW-IR plot, Decoform can be systematically and accurately used in the comprehensive analyses of crystallinity, domain size, lattice strain and quantitative phase. It is also of value for the geological investigations of diagenesis, metamorphism, basin maturity, structural stress field and so on.     

交联蒙脱石(CLM)的制备及表征

本以大冶、太和及潍坊膨润土为原料制备了锆、硅锆及铝锆交联蒙脱石。通过阳离子交换交联剂嵌入蒙脱石层间域可制备大底面间距的交联粘土，当锆交联剂在85-90℃温度下陈化4h，蒙脱石浓度为1％，投料比为4mmol/g，pH=1-2，常温条件下制备的锆交联粘土（Zr-CLM），其d001为2.01nm，比表现积为182.5m^5/g，ZrO2含量17.74％；硅锆或铝锆混合交联剂嵌入蒙脱石层间，有利于产物的d001增大和热稳定性提高。     

Origin and palaeo‐environments of calcareous sediments in the Moshaweng dry valley,southeast Botswana

Quaternary sedimentation in the Moshaweng dry valley of southeastern Botswana is evaluated on the basis of geomorphological evolution and sedimentological analyses. Stratigraphic evidence reveals an upper surface (1095 m) containing abundant sil‐calcrete, an intermediate surface (1085 m) in which sil‐calcrete underlies nodular calcrete and lower (1075 m) surface in which sil‐calcrete and nodular calcrete are interbedded. This subdivision is reflected in the geochemical composition of the sediments which show an overall trend of decreasing SiO₂ content (and increasing CaCO₃ content) with depth from the highest to the lowest surface levels. The calcretes and sil‐calcretes represent modifications of pre‐existing detrital Kalahari Group sand and basal Kalahari pebbles which thinned over a Karoo bedrock high. Modification took place during wet periods when abundant Ca⁺⁺‐rich groundwater flowed along the structurally aligned valley system. With the onset of drier conditions, water table fluctuations led to the precipitation of nodular calcretes in the phreatic layer to a depth of about 20 m. A major geochemical change resulted in the preferential silicification of the nodular calcrete deposits. Conditions for silica mobilization may be related to drying‐induced salinity and in situ geochemical differentiation brought about by pebble dissociation towards the top of the sediment pile. As calcretization and valley formation progressed to lower levels, silica release took place on a diminishing scale. Thermoluminescence dating infers a mid‐Pleistocene age for sil‐calcrete formation suggesting that valley evolution and original calcrete precipitation are much older. Late stage dissolution of CaCO₃ from pre‐existing surface calcretes or sil‐calcretes led to the formation of pedogenic case‐hardened deposits during a time of reduced flow through the Moshaweng system possibly during the upper or late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

伊利石多型——斑岩铜矿化的指示剂

德兴矿区内普遍存在伊利石 ,其多型特征表明 ,矿化围岩与区域围岩 (>2km)中伊利石的矿物结构与矿化流体有关。经长期埋藏变质作用 ,区域围岩中形成了结晶程度完好的 2M1伊利石 ,K櫣ｂｌｅｒ指数为 0 .1 6°,Ir=1 ,无膨胀层 ,是浅变质作用的产物。与发育热液成因 1M伊利石的花岗闪长斑岩一样 ,矿化围岩发育了具有较高K櫣ｂｌｅｒ指数 (平均值为 0 .5 5°)、含少量的膨胀层 (1 %～ 5 % )、1M型伊利石 ,它是热液流体作用下伊 /蒙矿物逆向退化的结果 ,且受热液流体量及水 /岩比制约。在此 ,斑岩铜矿中伊利石多型可能成为有效的矿化晕指示剂。     

和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉（透闪石玉）的X射线粉晶衍射特征

软玉主要是指透闪石阳起石铁阳起石系列中的低铁富镁端员的隐晶矿物集合体,矿物的名称常以其Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)值来区分,即该比值大于0.9时为透闪石(和田玉),比值为0.9～0.5时为阳起石(玛纳斯玉).对于产于新疆、辽宁(岫岩老玉)和青海的17件软玉样品进行了X射线粉晶衍射分析,确定其主要矿物成分均为透闪石,杂质矿物很少,衍射峰位与FeO含量之间的关系不明显,衍射峰形的弥散反映组成矿物的结晶程度和粒度变化.