Multi-spacecraft investigation of space turbulence: Lessons from Cluster and input to the Cross-Scale mission

Investigating space plasma turbulence from single-point measurements is known to be characterized by unavoidable ambiguities in disentangling temporal and spatial variations. Solving this problem has been one of the major goals of the Cluster mission. For that purpose multipoint measurements techniques, such as the k-filtering, have been developed. Such techniques combine several time series recorded simultaneously at different points in space to estimate the corresponding energy density in the wavenumber space. Here we apply the technique to both simulated and Cluster magnetometer data in the solar wind (SW) and investigate the errors and limitations that arise due to the separation of the spacecraft and the quality of the tetrahedral configuration. Specifically, we provide an estimation of the minimum and maximum scales that can be accurately measured given a specific distance between the satellites and show the importance of the geometry of the tetrahedron and the relationship of that geometry to spatial aliasing. We also present recent results on characterizing small scale SW turbulence and provide scientific arguments supporting the need of new magnetometers having better sensitivity than the existing ones. Throughout the paper we emphasize technical challenges and their solutions that can be considered for a better preparation of the Cross-Scale mission.     

新疆和田地区水资源利用的可持续性分析

基于和田地区2005年社会经济、水资源和生态环境等资料,选取21项指标构建评价指标体系,采用基于熵权的集对分析法和聚类分析法对和田地区水资源可持续利用进行评价与分析。结果表明和田地区民丰县为可持续水平,其他区域则为弱不可持续和不可持续水平。聚类分析结果显示和田地区水资源可持续利用制约类型可归为4类: 可持续型（民丰县）,受制于人口的无河型（皮山县）,受制于水资源配置型（策勒县）和受制于人口的有河型（和田河流域,于田县,和田地区）。     

利用微阵列基因芯片研究东海海参(Acaudina leucoprocta)的生理功能

取喂食东海海参60d的ICR小鼠肝脏,制备微阵列基因表达芯片,并与模式小鼠芯片进行杂交,筛选功能基因和差异表达蛋白.从食用海参的鼠肝中共筛选出了4180个基因,其中差异表达基因184个,上调基因107个,下调基因77个.利用MAS.2.0系统对其功能进行分析,结果显示,分子功能上有催化活性的基因占39.86%,结合功能...     

地理信息服务网站服务器集群负载均衡技术应用研究

本文在分析基于互联网的地理信息在线服务特点和网站服务质量需求的基础上,对服务器负载均衡的构建方式、调度算法进行了讨论,给出了地理信息服务网站服务器两层负载均衡的设计模型,描述了Web服务器负载均衡的设备部署、调度算法、健康性检测和持续性服务等方面的设计内容;同时,讨论了文件和关系型数据库服务器负载均衡的设计思路和调度算法的具体应用。     

Relationships between safety culture aspects – A work process to enable interpretation

Knowledge about the existing safety culture in a maritime organization such as in shipping companies or on board ships can enable the formulation of effective interventions to maintain and improve safety culture and safety in the organization. When assessing the safety culture, questionnaires developed for this purpose are often used. This paper proposes a work process that facilitates the analysis and interpretation of the relationships between safety culture aspects using questionnaire data. The work process includes the use of variable cluster analysis where the cluster solutions are presented in dendrograms. These were found to be an excellent way to visualize complex relationships in the quantitative data and to facilitate the understanding of the safety culture concept. Results are presented from applying the statistical process to safety culture data from six Swedish ships in international traffic. The visualized safety culture results can enable group discussions about safety on different organizational levels and can constitute an important input to the continuous improvement processes for safety and safety culture.     

曲线弯曲识别与等高线簇结构化方法

提出基于曲线弯曲识别的等高线簇结构化方法,实现等高线簇中所蕴含的地形结构的提取。首先对基于Delau-nay三角网的曲线弯曲识别方法进行改进,包括伪弯曲的合并、弯曲基点的调整及小弯曲的删除方法;基于此,建立弯曲间的层次嵌套关系及平行相邻关系,实现曲线弯曲的识别方法;然后,根据单条等高线间的空间关系,对弯曲类型进行判断;结合曲线间的空间邻近度计算方法,将等高线簇中的成组弯曲进行提取;最后完成了地形结构的识别,实现了等高线簇的结构化。该方法不仅对地形中的山谷进行提取,并且提取出了其对称结构即山脊。试验结果与水系叠置显示,所提取出的地形结构基本合理,证明了该方法的有效性。     

Evaluating the uncertainty caused by Post Office Box addresses in environmental health studies: A restricted Monte Carlo approach

A Monte Carlo approach is used to evaluate the uncertainty caused by incorporating Post Office Box (PO Box) addresses in point‐cluster detection for an environmental‐health study. Placing PO Box addresses at the centroids of postcode polygons in conventional geocoding can introduce significant error into a cluster analysis of the point data generated from them. In the restricted Monte Carlo method I presented in this paper, an address that cannot be matched to a precise location is assigned a random location within the smallest polygon believed to contain that address. These random locations are then combined with the locations of precisely matched addresses, and the resulting dataset is used for performing cluster analysis. After repeating this randomization‐and‐analysis process many times, one can use the variance in the calculated cluster evaluation statistics to estimate the uncertainty caused by the addresses that cannot be precisely matched. This method maximizes the use of the available spatial information, while also providing a quantitative estimate of the uncertainty in that utilization. The method is applied to lung‐cancer data from Grafton County, New Hampshire, USA, in which the PO Box addresses account for more than half of the address dataset. The results show that less than 50% of the detected cluster area can be considered to have high certainty.     

A new approach for computing a flood vulnerability index using cluster analysis

A Flood Vulnerability Index (FloodVI) was developed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a new aggregation method based on Cluster Analysis (CA). PCA simplifies a large number of variables into a few uncorrelated factors representing the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions of vulnerability. CA groups areas that have the same characteristics in terms of vulnerability into vulnerability classes. The grouping of the areas determines their classification contrary to other aggregation methods in which the areas' classification determines their grouping. While other aggregation methods distribute the areas into classes, in an artificial manner, by imposing a certain probability for an area to belong to a certain class, as determined by the assumption that the aggregation measure used is normally distributed, CA does not constrain the distribution of the areas by the classes.FloodVI was designed at the neighbourhood level and was applied to the Portuguese municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia where several flood events have taken place in the recent past. The FloodVI sensitivity was assessed using three different aggregation methods: the sum of component scores, the first component score and the weighted sum of component scores.The results highlight the sensitivity of the FloodVI to different aggregation methods. Both sum of component scores and weighted sum of component scores have shown similar results. The first component score aggregation method classifies almost all areas as having medium vulnerability and finally the results obtained using the CA show a distinct differentiation of the vulnerability where hot spots can be clearly identified.The information provided by records of previous flood events corroborate the results obtained with CA, because the inundated areas with greater damages are those that are identified as high and very high vulnerability areas by CA. This supports the fact that CA provides a reliable FloodVI.     

Geoaccumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the urban river sediment

Current study presents the application of chemometric techniques to comprehend the interrelations among sediment variables whilst identifying the possible pollution source at Langat River,Malaysia.Surface sediment samples（0-10 cm）were collected at 22 sampling stations and analyzed for total metals（~（48）Cd,~（29）Cu,~（30）Zn,~（82）Pb）,pH,redox potential（Eh）,salinity,electrical conductivity（EC）,loss on ignition（LOI）and cation exchange capacity（CEC）.The principal component analysis（PCA）scrutinized the origin of environmental pollution by various anthropogenic and natural activities：four principal components were obtained with 86.34%（5 cm）and88.34%（10 cm）.Standard,forward and backward stepwise discriminant analysis effectively discriminate 2variables（84.06%）indicating high variation of heavy metals accumulation at both depth.The cluster analysis accounted for high input of Zn and Pb at LA8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12 that mergers three（5 cm）and four（10cm）into clusters.This is consistent with the contamination factor（C_1）that shows high Cd（LA 1）and Pb（LA 7,LA 8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12）contaminations at 5cm.These indicate that Pb and Zn are the most bioavailable metals in the sediment with significant positive linear relationship at both sediment depths.Therefore,this approach is a good indication of environmental pollution status that transfers new findings on the assessment of heavy metals by interpreting large complex datasets and predicting the fate of heavy metals in the sediment.