Design and Application of the Annual Report of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Monitoring

Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values, but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site. In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system, and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China: the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System. In the design scheme of this study, the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items, with each of them logically related. It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system. The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy, enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products, and increased the farmers’ income. At the same time, the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats, such as the weakening of the tourism attraction, the aging of the heritage practitioners, and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income, which need to be addressed with proper measures. The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products, the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity, and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future. The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring, but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management. This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring, further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work, and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.     

“五运六气”与气象医学

将1951～1980年郑州地区的气象要素（气温、风速、降雨量）的距平值与“五运六气”学说所推论气象作对比分析,两者结果比较一致。继之,收集了1953～1983年同一地区传染性肝炎、痢疾、伤寒、流行性感冒、猩红热、流行性乙型脑炎（这6种病在1983年以前均无疫苗或无有效预防）的流行资料进行分析,说明“五运六气”学说中的发病率与气候变化有较好的关系。     

丰都鬼神文化旅游衰落的反思

通过实地调研、观察、访谈及问卷调查,获取大量关于丰都鬼神文化和文化旅游的信息。通过定性和定量分析,划分出丰都鬼神文化发展的四个阶段,阐明了当前丰都鬼神文化旅游的困境与趋势。在此基础上得出丰都鬼神文化旅游衰落的原因:一是鬼神文化载体的结构性解体;二是政府组织不力。最后探讨了重振丰都鬼神文化旅游的可能性,提出重新构建鬼神文化的物质载体和完善其空间结构、处理好旅游利益相关者之间关系等相应措施。     

河姆渡早期文化发展间断原因新考

通过对浙江余姚市田螺山遗址剖面系统采样,在前人研究的基础上,采用地层学的研究方法,通过地层对比、古地磁、孢粉与微古分析、14C测年等手段,认为河姆渡早期文化发展中断可能是由于海啸或风暴潮灾害作用的结果。     

殷墟文化发生的环境背景及人类活动的影响

不同农业单元122个表土样品花粉分析结果表明,安阳地区表土花粉组合中草本植物花粉含量最高,以禾本科、蒿属、藜科和十字花科为主,乔木植物花粉百分含量较低,以松属、桦属、胡桃属、黄栌属、栎属为主,应为西部太行山区传播而来。汪家店和茶店陂两个全新世地层自然剖面孢粉分析表明,约 10000cal.aB.P.以前,安阳地区分布着以松属、栎属、桦属等为主的落叶阔叶林;  约 10000～8200cal.aB.P.,气候变暖,降水量增加,森林植被中夹杂着常绿栎等亚热带树种;  约 8200～3400cal.aB.P.,安阳地区进入全新世大暖期,森林植被演变为亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林;  商王朝在安阳地区建都后（3400cal.aB.P.后）,乔木植物花粉急剧减少,草本植物花粉和中华卷柏百分含量升高,表明森林被大量砍伐,砍伐后的林地开垦为农田,主要种植禾本科等农作物;  两条剖面上部的冲积层中出现大量中华卷柏孢子,表明森林植被破坏后水土流失加剧。古地貌面孢粉分析也证明殷商时期安阳地区生长有亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林,气候和植被条件适于野象生存;  殷墟附近为禾本科农作物花粉高含量区,表明殷商时期农业已具一定规模。     

全球导航卫星反射信号的镜面反射点算法

文章从镜面反射点的定义出发,导出了在搜索镜面反射点时应满足的几何条件,分析了目前用于搜索镜面反射点算法的优点及不足;在此基础上,提出了一种二分算法;最后通过双基实验数据对这一算法进行验证,并与其他算法进行对比,结果显示出这种算法在收敛速度、搜索精度以及准确性等方面的优越性.     

赣西五宝山钴矿床地质特征及成因探讨

五宝山钴矿床是近年普查中发现的一个中型钴矿床,属层控热液叠加型钴矿床。钴矿化产于上三叠统安源组砂砾岩层中,受ＮＥ向逆断层控制,矿体呈似层状或透镜状产出,随褶曲变化而起伏,钴矿体品位在０．０２４％～１．１５％范围变化,平均含钴０．４０２８％。矿石自然类型为砂砾岩型铅锌矿石、铅锌钴矿石和钴矿石,矿石可选性良好。钴矿物主要有辉钴矿和钴毒砂。     

Spectacular Macau: Visioning futures for a World Heritage City

This paper examines the conflicting sentiments generated by Macau’s recent developments and how these dynamics have helped galvanize particular visions among Macau’s residents holding different possessive relationships to the city. More specifically, it explores these processes through the simultaneous construction of two incongruent landscapes: a fantasyland of gaming and leisure propelled by the liberalization of the casino industry, and a ‘historic city of culture’ exemplified by Macau’s newly acquired UNESCO World Heritage City status. Building on Debord’s conception of the dialectic of the spectacle, this paper illustrates how the growing support for heritage conservation in Macau has been propelled by a shared anxiety over the phenomenal changes brought by an expanding casino industry and concomitant erosion of Macau’s cultural identity. Through extensive interviews with local architects, conservation experts and activists, I elucidate how the designation of Macau as a World Heritage City has helped consolidate particular sets of moral claims around heritage and culture as well as introduced new commodifications of the environment that cannot be easily delinked from other spaces of the ‘spectacle city’.     

Laboratory Culture and Preliminary Characterization of the Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizosolenia-Richelia Symbiosis

Abstract. The oceanic diatom Rhizosolenia clevei and its cyanobactcrial symbiont Richelia intracel-luluris were isolated into laboratory culture and their biology and growth dynamics examined. Nitrogen-fixation by the symbiont could sustain the symbiosis. Growth and nitrogenase activity demonstrated light saturation kinetics, with no photoinhibition up to 315 μE m^-1 s^-1 for growth and 780μE m^-1 s^-1 for nitrogen fixation. The symbiosis is not obligate for Rhizosolenia , which is capable of growth independent of the symbiont if a nitrogen source is available. The symbiont is contained in the pcriplasmic space between the Rhizosolenia plasmalcmma and frustulc, and preliminary evidence suggests excretion of fixed nitrogen into the medium may be occurring.     

区域视角下的二里头文化生业经济形态——基于河南省漯河地区碳、氮稳定同位素新证

二里头文化主要分布于中原地区,距今约3750~3500年,大体相当于古史所载夏文化。二里头文化研究主要集中于环嵩山一带的核心区,对于外围区域的关注相对较少。为了完善二里头文化生业经济研究,本研究对河南省漯河市召陵沟李遗址（33°36'42.9″N,114°9'45.5″E）和源汇皇寓遗址（33°31'28.7″N,113°54'24.4″E）的51例人和动物骨胶原样本开展碳、氮稳定同位素分析,同时结合动、植物考古研究成果,归纳当地二里头文化生业经济形态的主要内涵,进而从外围区域的视角比较分析中原地区二里头文化生业经济的联系、区别和变化。研究表明,漯河地区二里头文化时期人的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-8.4‰±2.0‰和9.2‰±0.4‰（n=4）,猪的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-7.5‰±1.3‰和7.3‰±0.7‰（n=14）,狗的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-8.9‰±1.7‰和7.7‰±1.0‰（n=4）,黄牛的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-9.8‰±1.9‰和6.0‰±1.4‰（n=8）,绵羊的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-11.2‰和5.6‰（n=2）,山羊的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值为-15.0‰和6.0‰（n=1）,大中型鹿的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-16.9‰±3.3‰和5.5‰±1.9‰（n=7）,小型鹿的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值为-21.5‰±0.1‰和4.3‰±1.2‰（n=4）。综合同位素与动、植物考古分析结果,当时漯河地区自然植被基本为C₃植物,先民主食亦即农业以C₄作物粟为主、黍为辅,家畜中猪和狗主要喂以人类残食,黄牛、绵羊和山羊则喂以不同比重的C₄植物,很可能来自粟黍的秸秆类副产品,并且黄牛基本为圈养,绵羊和新出现的山羊则采取圈养加放养的混合管理方式,另有部分大中型鹿可能也被人工喂养。比较而言,漯河地区和中原地区的生业经济形态整体相近;以粟为主的旱作农业普遍占绝对主导,目前仅在偃师二里头遗址中发现稻粟并重的农业结构,充分凸显出都邑聚落的特殊性;家畜除了猪、狗、黄牛、绵羊以及部分喂养的大中型鹿之外新增山羊,并且牛和羊的圈养程度与管理规范性相比之前均有明显提升,在外围的漯河地区尤为显著。二里头文化的生业经济形态整体呈现出规范化的趋势,并且很可能由环嵩山一带的中原核心区向外围区推广,或许作为二里头文化着力打破旧格局和树立新秩序的重要整饬举措之一。