Deep-sea suprabenthos assemblages (Crustacea) off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean): Mesoscale variability in diversity and production

The composition of suprabenthic crustacean assemblages, their diversity, production (P) and production/biomass (P/B) ratios, were analyzed at species level along two transects situated to the north (N) and south (S) of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) at depths between 134 m and 760 m, based on a ca. bi-monthly sampling performed between August 2003 and June 2004. Differences with depth and season in assemblage composition and diversity were analyzed as a function of the contrasting environmental features (e.g. water mass dynamics) of the two areas. We identified 187 species (18 decapods, 5 euphausiids, 16 mysids, 76 gammaridean amphipods, 13 hyperiids, 1 caprellid, 21 isopods and 37 cumaceans). Substantial mesoscale variability in the deep-sea suprabenthic assemblages coupled with diversity trends between the N and S transects were found. Seasonality was the most important gradient influencing the dynamics of suprabenthos over the upper (350 m) and middle (650–750 m) slope in the N area. Conversely, the S area appeared to be more stable temporally with depth as the main gradient inducing assemblage differences. Different depth-related patterns were observed both for diversity and P/B. To the north diversity was very low at the shelf-break, increasing on the upper-slope (H′ > 3.00) and then decreasing again on the middle-slope. To the south diversity increased smoothly downward, reaching the highest values on the middle-slope. Regarding productivity, P/B was highest at intermediate depths to the north (over ca. 450–500 m), while to the south highest P/Bs were found deeper (over ca. 600–650 m). The higher P/B at intermediate depths found along N are likely due to higher % of organic matter (OM) in sediments, a product of oceanographic frontal systems. In particular, P/B was higher along N among omnivores and detritus feeders (e.g. Andaniexis mimonectes, Lepechinella manco and combined cumaceans), coupled to enriched OM in sediments, while along S mesoplanktonic carnivores (Rhachotropis spp.) had higher P/Bs. We conclude that on the north slope the influence of frontal systems and more active flow dynamics of different water masses (WIW and LIW) increases natural disturbance in the area, increasing productivity and diversity of suprabenthic peracarids in the Benthic Boundary Layer. Also, species showed a displacement of their average distributions (their Centres of Gravity, CoG) to shallower depths along N, which is another indicator of more favorable habitat conditions for suprabenthos in the 400–500 m range at N.     

珠江口外表层沉积物底栖有孔虫组合及其与环境的关系

对珠江口外CJ14区块250个站位的表层沉积物进行底栖有孔虫分析,共发现底栖有孔虫118种,其中玻璃壳质80种,瓷质壳质21种,胶结壳质17种。有孔虫丰度基本随水深变深而增大。为研究底栖有孔虫分布与沉积环境之间的关系,对底栖有孔虫含量进行Q型因子分析,并选取前4个主因子,分别对应4个有孔虫组合。它们总共解释了总方差的86.2%,基本上反映了沉积物中有孔虫的群落结构。研究表明,水深和盐度是影响珠江口表层沉积物中有孔虫组合分布的控制因素,其他影响因素主要包括沉积物类型、水动力条件和沉积速率。水动力条件主要影响有孔虫的含量;沉积速率主要影响有孔虫的丰度。     

伶仃洋表层沉积物特征及其泥沙运移趋势

根据伶仃洋表层沉积物的粒度分析资料,探讨表层沉积物的特征,并在此基础上应用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法(GSTA模型)分析了伶仃洋表层沉积物的泥沙净输运趋势。结果表明,伶仃洋表层沉积物共有6种类型,其中以黏土质粉砂分布最广泛。受径流、潮流、波浪和陆架水入侵等多种动力作用,伶仃洋表层沉积物颗粒在北面最粗,南面次之,中间最细,东面略粗,西面略细;分选由中部向东、西两岸逐渐变好,但总体分选差;不同级配的泥沙分布和沉积特征存在差异。伶仃洋泥沙运移规律较复杂,泥沙呈现出向西南输运的总趋势;内伶仃洋四周泥沙受各种力作用,呈现出顺时针方向的环流运移,中心区域为最大浑浊带,泥沙以垂直落淤为主。淇澳岛以南至澳门半岛以东海域受粉砂和黏土向西扩散影响,泥沙向西运移。大屿海峡及外伶仃岛附近海域为高盐水入侵通道,泥沙向西北运移。     

长三角区域的网络交互作用与空间结构演化

归纳了中心地模式和网络化模式两种空间组织模式的基本特征,即前者以向心型的垂直联系为表征,而后者以跨越腹地边界的多向联系为表征,并在此基础上研究了网络交互作用下长三角区域空间结构的演化趋势.首先以企业联系为分析视角,研究了不同强度、不同方向的网络"流量"变化趋势;其次,选择社会经济变量,通过主因子分析对地域类型进行划分,...     

长三角地区交通优势度的空间格局

通过公路网络密度、综合交通可达性以及关键节点联系便捷性三要素的综合集成,探讨了长江三角洲地区交通优势度的空间格局。长三角地区公路路网密度居于全国前列,北部地区明显高于南部;综合交通可达性较好的单元相对集中于沪宁-沪杭-杭甬沿线地区,由此区域向南、向北可达性逐渐降低;各地域单元与关键节点的联系均较为便捷,上海及其临近地区...     

长三角城市群空间联系与整合

城市群已成为我国城镇化发展的主体形态,是我国国民经济和国家综合竞争力的重要载体。长三角城市群被誉为世界第六大城市群,正处于城市化高速发展阶段,面临诸多区域性问题,如基础设施对接、人口跨区域流动等。基于城市流强度和城市经济联系强度模型,定量判断长三角城市群空间层级和联系程度。长三角城市群形成了以上海为中心,南京、杭州、苏州、无锡和宁波等特大城市为副中心的多中心支撑的网络化布局。据此,提出长三角城市群由上海城市群、南京城市群和杭甬城市群三大次级城市群组成,整合长三角城市群空间布局,加快区域一体化进程。     

空港经济区范围界定——以长三角枢纽机场为例

针对空港经济区相关研究一直依附于临空经济发展研究的现状,在分析空港经济区与临空经济区相互关系的基础上,明确了空港经济区概念,提出空港经济区范围界定方法：①紧邻机场区域的建成区形成与否是判别空港经济区是否形成的依据之一;②参照国内外成熟空港建设经验,对5km半径范围和15分钟时间覆盖区域分别进行圈层划分,进而计算各圈层内部各类临空指向产业比重,由此确定空港经济区所在圈层;③根据企业空间布局,对基础圈层进行一定变形,并结合实证地区实际情况,对比分析同心圆圈层分析与时间半径分析结果,以确定空港经济区最终范围。对长三角枢纽机场的实证研究表明,上海虹桥国际机场已经形成以机场为中心,外延2km的空港经济区,可达性分析表明,这一范围大致为空港交通走廊沿线6分钟车程内的高可达性地区。而南京禄口国际机场和无锡硕放国际机场由于周边区域产业的临空指向性较弱,尚未形成空港经济区。     

Area balancing as a test of models for the deep structure of mountain belts,with specific reference to the Alps

Basic concepts of structural restoration are applied to crustal cross-sections through mountain belts to explore large-scale tectonic models and deep structure. However, restored sections should account for variations in pre-orogenic crustal thicknesses. Crustal balancing approaches are reviewed and applied to two Alpine sections, coinciding with deep seismic experiments: NRP-20 East (Central Alps) and ECORS-CROP (Western Alps). Existing studies assume large (>300 km) orogenic contraction and only moderately thinned pre-orogenic crust. The resulting restored sections contain more crust than is imaged beneath the present-day Alps, the missing crust generally assumed to be subducted. Two kinematic modifications reduce the requirement for subduction: thinning and buoyancy-driven return flow of ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks during orogenesis; and pre-orogenic hyperextension. Using large stretching factors for the pre-orogenic crust negates crustal subduction on both Alpine transects. If the lower crust was approximately rigid, restorations of the Central Alps require strongly depth-heterogeneous stretching of upper and lower crust during Mesozoic rifting. Relaxing this requirement allows uniform lithospheric stretching, a corollary consistent with published subsidence estimates. Restorations make implicit statements on the form of pre-orogenic basins and the structure of continental margins incorporated into mountain belts that can in turn provide tests of tectonic models.     

Charophytes from the Upper Berriasian of the Western Interior Basin of the United States

A charophyte flora from the Upper Berriasian is described from the Lakota (Black Hills, South Dakota) and Cedar Mountain formations (San Rafael Swell, Utah) of the Western Interior Basin, United States of America. Whereas the latter is dominated by monotonous assemblages of the clavatoracean Nodosoclavator bradleyi (Harris, 1939), found in temporary lakes within palustrine facies, the flora of the Lakota Formation consists of more varied assemblages of the clavatoraceans N. bradleyi (Harris, 1939), Clavator grovesii grovesii Harris 1939, C. bilateralis Peck 1957 and early characeans (Mesochara sp. or Tolypella sp.). This flora was found in deposits related to permanent lakes in fluvial floodplains, i.e. lacustrine marls and limestones that do not show any evidence of subaerial exposure. To date, little is known about C. bilateralis, we provide a new definition on the basis of its particular structure, which shows lateral bract-cell units with a pinnate arrangement. This species appears to be endemic to North America and stratigraphically limited to the earliest Cretaceous. C. grovesii grovesii is part of a long-lasting charophyte lineage, which until now was considered to have originated in the Central Tethyan Archipelago (Europe) during the Early Berriasian, about 145 Ma, and limited to Eurasia until most of the Early Cretaceous. The new data presented here suggest that during the Berriasian this species was very broadly distributed, comprising North America, Europe and China.     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积的二元结构特征及层序划分

本文根据测井曲线及地震相特征,建立了深水层序界面划分的5种判别标准,将尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区中中新统一上中新统地层划分了6个三级层序,2个二级层序.根据深水沉积自身沉积旋回所具有的二元结构特征及三角洲与陆架区相对海平面变化之间的关系,将经典的三分体系域划分为二分体系域:异地沉积体系域和原地沉积体系域.其中,异地沉积体系域从基准面下降开始海侵早期,主要发育重力流沉积(块状搬运沉积、浊积扇);原地沉积体系域从海侵中、晚期—基准面上升最大位置结束,主要以原地沉降的泥质披覆沉积为主.本文分析了层序发育的影响因素,综合研究认为:气候条件、海平面变化、构造抬升、沉积物供给、大陆架宽窄等共同制约了研究区深水沉积层序的发育.