Mass rig system for shaking table tests of slender columns

A new mass rig system is proposed to minimize the deficiencies in current shaking table testing setups. This is accomplished by placing the inertial mass on a convex path designed to impose P‐Delta demands on slender cantilever columns. The design and performance of the mass rig system, and the principles used in deriving the equations of motion and their analytical validation against results obtained from shaking table tests, are presented. Formulation of the governing equations of motion was based on Lagrangian mechanics and solved using an implicit linear acceleration method with an adaptive time step formulation. Friction developed in the sliding system was also incorporated in the equations of motion. Experimental results validated the accuracy in the derivation and solution of the equations of motion. Validated by analytical and experimental results, P‐Delta effects were found to increase the displacement demands on slender columns in the low‐frequency range of acceleration input, while in the high‐frequency range P‐Delta effects led to no increase and in some cases even a reduction in displacement demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市新兴技术产业的演化路径比较分析——以长三角物联网产业为例

1990年代后期以来,经济地理学出现了演化思潮,一些新的概念为分析产业的空间演化提供了有效的理论工具。基于演化经济地理学中的路径依赖理论,以长三角地区的物联网产业为例,探讨了新兴产业兴起和演化过程的地方差异。重点选取无锡、上海、南京和杭州四个城市,采用多案例比较的方法,从产业发展的历史基础、集群状况、政府政策,以及主要动力机制等方面,分析了4个案例的异同点,并突出这些城市在区域经济和制度环境方面的差异。对产业演化机制的讨论还发现,技术基础、政策推动和偶然性事件是新兴技术产业初始发展阶段的主要动因。     

珠江三角洲地区未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的耕地损失预测

珠江三角洲地区是中国海岸带中风暴潮灾害最集中的区域之一。在全球气候变化和海平面上升的影响下,风暴潮灾害将对该地区农业生产造成巨大的损失。在借鉴相关经验与研究的基础上,建立风暴潮增水灾害耕地产量损失评估模型,选择广东省珠江三角洲地区为研究区域,以该地区的DEM、土地利用等数据为基础,通过实地调研获取当地的作物种植结构、轮作方式、作物单产、不同淹没高度下不同作物的损失率等数据资料,基于未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的不同时间情景,估算并分析了2030、2050及2100年珠三角地区耕地受灾范围的空间分布特征及产量损失变化情况。结果表明：受气候变化的影响,未来珠三角地区风暴潮影响下的耕地淹没面积比重不断上升,其中阳江、佛山和东莞等地耕地淹没面积从2030年到2100年增加较为明显,广州和珠海的耕地淹没面积增加幅度则较为缓和。从耕地淹没造成的农业产量损失来看,蔬菜、稻谷和花生等主要作物的损失产量比重呈现增加趋势,且蔬菜的增幅最大,其次是稻谷。其中广州、江门、阳江等地稻谷、花生、蔬菜的损失产量比重均表现为持续上升。     

黄河三角洲滨海地区植物生长季大气氮沉降动态

利用SCJ-302型降水降尘自动采样器在植物生长季对黄河三角洲滨海湿地的大气氮沉降进行监测,对沉降物中水溶性离子、干、湿沉降氮输入量、铵态氮和硝态氮在总沉降量中的贡献率及月变化动态等分析表明：黄河三角洲植物生长季,大气干、湿沉降中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-占阴离子总量的92%以上,和Na⁺和Ca²⁺占阳离子总量的80%以上,总N沉降量约为2 264.24 mg/m²,且69%集中在降雨量较丰沛的6-8月。其中干沉降氮贡献率约为32.02%,主要集中在春季。N的湿沉降量与降雨量呈显著正线性相关（R²=0.82）,在降雨量丰沛的8月,达到最大值675.64 mg/m²。该地区大气干沉降的氮素形态以硝态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的57.21%,湿沉降中以铵态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的56.51%。植物生长季中,大气沉降中的硝态氮与铵态氮含量对表层10 cm土壤的月平均贡献率分别为约31.38%和20.50%,可见大气氮沉降是黄河三角洲滨海区域土壤主要氮素来源之一。     

基于要素流的长三角城市群空间布局

以长三角城市群30个地级市市区为研究单元,从要素流动的动态视角,建立要素流的数理模型,借助于ArcGIS软件,对长三角城市群内城市的经济流、交通流和信息流的强度和方向进行定量分析和评价,运用赋值法对3种要素流总量进行评分,并进行空间层级划分。得出核心区（包括上海、江苏沿江八市、环杭州湾地区等地市）和辐射影响区（位于长三角两翼的地市）。基于城市间的空间联系特征和城市群的空间层级结构,对长三角城市群的空间发展布局提出进一步引导和规划,即上海为核心,苏州、南京、杭州、合肥和徐州为区域性中心城市,构成以沪宁合、沪杭、沪徐和沪温为4个发展轴的反“K”字型的空间形态,依据城市区位和要素联系特征,将城市群进一步划分为6个城市组团,形成以中心城市为增长节点、以发展轴为联结线、以城市组团为发展域的“点―线―面”有序发展的空间互动格局。     

长江三角洲地区制造业集群辨识及空间组织特征

本文基于投入产出表的主成分分析和企业空间分布数据的聚类分析,从产业功能联系和空间联系角度辨识长江三角洲地区主要的制造业集群,并从企业、产业、区域3个维度刻画和比较不同类型制造业集群的空间组织特征。研究表明,长江三角洲地区存在冶金及装备、电子信息、纺织及服装等12个垂直联系紧密的制造业群组,并高度集聚于沿沪宁线、沪杭线、杭甬线的“Z”字形区域。冶金及装备、电子信息和纺织及服装3个制造集群分别呈现轮辐式、卫星式和马歇尔式产业集群组织方式。上海和江苏的制造业集群在集群规模、大型企业占比、外资企业占比等方面,要明显高于浙江的制造业集群。     

桂西平果教美矿区堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物转化与元素迁移

桂西地区铝土矿为典型喀斯特型,包括二叠系沉积型和第四系堆积型两亚类。堆积型铝土矿是沉积型铝土矿经抬升、破碎、风化,最后堆积于喀斯特洼地中形成。以平果教美铝土矿为研究对象,探索堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物的变化与元素迁移。沉积型矿石的矿物组成包括硬水铝石、鲕绿泥石、锐钛矿及少量针铁矿、金红石和高岭石;堆积型矿石的矿物组成主要为硬水铝石、锐钛矿、高岭石及少量三水铝石和鲕绿泥石。转化过程中堆积型矿石中的硬水铝石含量明显增加,鲕绿泥石含量明显减少。沉积型铝土矿的主要化学组成为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO和TiO₂;堆积型为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、TiO₂和Fe₂O₃。两类矿石中元素Zr 、Ba、Nb、V含量均较高,稀土总量变化大,富集轻稀土。质量平衡计算表明堆积型铝土矿形成过程中Al、Ba、Sr、Y等元素增加,而Si、Fe、Ti、Nb、V、Ce等元素减少,其余元素变化不明显。     

南海北部珠江口盆地深水区天然气水合物成因类型及成矿成藏模式

南海北部大陆边缘珠江口盆地油气资源丰富,迄今为止不仅在北部浅水区勘探发现了大量油田,建成了超千万立方米的石油年产能区,而且在南部深水区亦 获得了深水油气勘探的重大突破;在深水海底浅层还发现了大量生物气/亚生物气显示,钻探获得了天然气水合物。根据近年来油气勘探及海洋地质勘查所获大量天然气资料,结合油气成藏地 质条件,深入分析了珠江口盆地生物气/亚生物气地质地球化学特征及其气源岩展布特点,初步预测和估算了其生物气生成量与资源量。通过珠江口盆地南部深水区白云凹陷(神狐调查区)天然 气水合物形成的地质地球化学条件分析,进一步证实了该区勘查发现的天然气水合物,主要属生物气成因类型,其气源供给主要来自原地近源以生物气为主的混合气,天然气水合物成矿成藏 模式则主要属于生物气源供给“自生自储型”近源富集成矿成藏类型,且资源潜力颇大。     

Distribution,sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of the Yellow River Delta,China

PAH concentrations of 61 surface soil samples collected from the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China were measured to determine occurrence levels, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs. The total concentrations of ∑PAHs ranged from 27 to 753 ng/g d.w., with a mean of 118 ± 132 ng/g. The highest concentrations was found in the mid-southern part of the YRD (753 ng/g), which was associated with the oil exploration. The ratios indicated that the PAHs throughout the YRD were mostly of pyrogenic origin; while various sites in mid-southern part in the region were derived mainly from the petrogenic sources. Multivariate statistical analyses supported that the PAHs in surface soils of the YRD were principally from the coal and biomass combustion, petroleum spills, and/or vehicular emissions. The toxic assessment suggested that the PAHs in soils were at low potential of ecotoxicological contamination level for the YRD.     

Perennial frost blisters of the outer Mackenzie Delta,western Arctic coast,Canada

Saturated floodplains in Arctic deltas provide conditions favourable for frost mound growth. Little work has been reported from these settings to determine the origin of frost mounds and the controls on their distribution, to assess the longevity of individual mounds, or to quantify variation of mound distribution over time. A case study is presented on low mounds in low‐centred syngenetic ice‐wedge polygons of Big Lake Delta Plain, outer Mackenzie Delta. In 2008 and 2009, 12 mounds were examined by drilling to describe their morphologic variations and to investigate their growth processes. The mounds, containing a core of ice 15 to 58 cm thick, were less than 1 m high and 3 · 7 to 8 · 5 m in diameter; other mounds were over 10 m long. Organic inclusions in the ice, bubble densities, electrical conductivity profiles, and ice‐crystal structure indicated that the mounds were hydrostatic frost blisters. Up to six frost blisters were found within individual polygons due to the relatively small volume of water needed to create each mound. Frost‐blister densities, of greater than 1700 km^–2, increased toward the wet centres of alluvial islands down gentle topographic gradients. The frost blisters were perennial, with individuals remaining identifiable on aerial photographs and satellite images for up to 10 years. Frost blisters collapsed along dilation cracks opened by hydrostatic uplift and by thawing from their sides caused by snow drifting and water ponding. Cyclical growth and decay of the mounds may degrade the visible polygonal network over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.