西天山小于赞金矿成矿流体、成矿年代学特征及其地质意义

小于赞金矿床是产于新疆西天山也列莫顿盆地的浅成低温热液型金矿床,赋存于晚古生代大哈拉军山组火山岩中。矿石类型主要为蚀变岩型和石英脉型,主要发育硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、伊利石化、青磐岩化蚀变。流体成矿过程可分为3个阶段,分别为石英黄铁矿、石英玉髓黄铁矿和石英方解石黄铁矿阶段。小于赞金矿床流体包裹体类型单一,主要为水溶液包裹体,可分为纯液相水溶液包裹体(PL类)、富液相水溶液包裹体(L类)和富气相水溶液包裹体(V类)。石英黄铁矿阶段包裹体均一温度集中于130~190 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.2%~8.0%;石英玉髓黄铁矿阶段均一温度介于115~161 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.7%~3.4%;石英方解石黄铁矿阶段均一温度介于110~138 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.2%~3.4%。鉴于赋矿角砾凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(353.8±1.8) Ma,且被下石炭统阿恰勒河组不整合覆盖,故可将小于赞金矿床的成矿时代限定在(353.8±1.8) Ma至早石炭世维宪期。锆石εHf(t)变化范围为+4.1~+8.4,平均值+6.1,两阶段Hf模式年龄tDM2变化范围为822~1 095 Ma,指示该区岩浆演化过程中有少量地幔物质的加入。综合考量矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征和成矿时代,认为小于赞矿床为早石炭世低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿。     

近30年长江口北支演变及其对物种多样性的影响

分汊河口演变特征及其生态效应是当前河口海岸研究的重要热点问题。长江口北支是长江口第一级分汊的重要水道,其演变会对区域生态与环境条件产生深远的影响。本文在已有研究结果基础上,结合遥感影像分析与水域生态现状调研,阐述了近30年来长江口北支河道的演变特征和生态现状,并对河道演变对物种多样性的影响进行了深入的探讨。结果表明,近30年来北支演变的突出特点在于北支中上段束窄明显,而下段河道虽然有一定程度的束窄,但口门仍呈喇叭口形态;大量的圈围工程是导致北支中上段河道束窄的最重要因素;随着河势变化,北支分流比下降,分沙比上升,河道水深、河槽容积的下降,使北支盐水入侵加剧,水、沙、盐倒灌南支的风险增加。北支演变导致水体盐度条件的改变,使得区域生物类群以适应高盐、咸淡水环境的种类为主;而河道水深、水动力条件、水体含沙量等的变化均会对生物类群的组成产生影响。北支目前仍然是大型底栖动物、鱼类等生物类群的重要栖息地和育幼场,且具有较高的生物多样性。因此,北支治理仍需考虑维持北支水域生态系统的结构与功能不被破坏,确保区域的可持续发展。未来北支的演变趋势及其生态效应,需要在有效监测的基础上进行综合分析。     

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy,sedimentology and reservoir quality evaluation of the Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

Delta-front sand bodies with large remaining hydrocarbon reserves are widespread in the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area of the Western Slope, Songliao Basin, China. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology are performed based on core observations, well logs, and seismic profile interpretations. An evaluation of the reservoir quality of the Yaojia Formation is critical for further petroleum exploration and development. The Yaojia Formation is interpreted as a third-order sequence, comprising a transgressive systems tract (TST) and a regressive systems tract (RST), which spans 4.5 Myr during the Late Cretaceous. Within this third-order sequence, nine fourth-order sequences (FS9–FS1) are recognized. The average duration of a fourth-order sequence is approximately 0.5 Myr. The TST (FS9–FS5) mostly comprises subaqueous distributary channel fills, mouth bars, and distal bars, which pass upward into shallow-lake facies of the TST top (FS5). The RST (FS4–FS1) mainly contains subaqueous distributary-channel and interdistributary-bay deposits. Based on thin-sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-pressure mercury-intrusion (HPMI) analyses, a petrographic study is conducted to explore the impact of the sedimentary cyclicity and facies changes on reservoir quality. The Yaojia sandstones are mainly composed of lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. The sandstone cements mostly include calcite, illite, chlorite, and secondary quartz, occurring as grain coating or filling pores. The Yaojia sandstones have average core plug porosity of 18.55% and permeability of 100.77 × 10⁻³ μm², which results from abundant intergranular pores and dissolved pores with good connectivity. Due to the relatively coarser sediments and abundant dissolved pores in the feldspars, the FS4–FS1 sandstones have better reservoir quality than the FS9–FS5 sandstones, developing relatively higher porosity and permeability, especially the FS1 and FS2 sandstones. The source–reservoir–cap-rock assemblages were formed with the adjoining semi-deep lake mudstones that were developed in the Nenjiang and Qingshankou Formations. This study reveals the deposition and distribution of the delta-front sand bodies of the Yaojia Formation within a sequence stratigraphic framework as well as the factors controlling the Yaojia sandstones reservoir quality. The research is of great significance for the further exploration of the Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area, as well as in other similar lacustrine contexts.     

粤西沿岸海域潮汐特征

对粤西海域水东、湛江、硇州岛、南渡和海安验潮站各1年水位资料进行了调和分析及统计。结果表明:粤西海域北部湛江、水东、硇洲岛、南渡4站主要分潮为M_2、K_1、S_2和O_1,是不规则半日潮;而南部海安站主要分潮为O_1和K_1分潮,是不规则日潮。粤西沿岸各站浅水分潮和平均水位从北到南有减小趋势。在日潮不等方面,粤西沿岸验潮站都存在明显的日潮高、日潮时不等现象。日潮时不等总体上从北到南有降低的趋势,北部湛江、水东和硇州岛涨潮时间比落潮长1~1.5 h,南部南渡和海安两站涨、落潮时相差不大。另外,调和分析和经验公式不再适用于南渡站,南渡河入海口处堤闸工程是主要原因。这为粤西海域环境资源开发、航运活动等提供环境支持和保障。     

对海洋科学的认识与实践

"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"是中国科学院海洋领域投入最大、参加人员最多的一个海洋科学先导项目,该项目使我们第一次有机会从海洋系统角度研究中国近海到西太平洋的一些海洋前沿问题。来自物理、化学、生物、地质和大气等不同学科的科学家们围绕共同的问题,在同一个区域、从不同方向开展协同研究。目前,海洋先导专项已在深海探索与研究、海洋能力建设、科考平台建设、技术队伍建设、科研与技术有机融合的体系建设和海洋前沿探索方面取得一系列突破,为全面、综合地开展深海资源的探测与近海生态安全研究奠定了重要基础。海洋先导专项更多系统性、有影响力的成果将在未来不断涌现出来。     

Petroleum retention in the Mandal Formation,Central Graben,Norway

Upper Jurassic organic matter-rich, marine shales of the Mandal Formation have charged major petroleum accumulations in the North Sea Central Graben including the giant Ekofisk field which straddles the graben axis. Recent exploration of marginal basin positions such as the Mandal High area or the Søgne Basin has been less successful, raising the question as to whether charging is an issue, possibly related to high thermal stability of the source organic matter or delayed expulsion from source to carrier.The Mandal Formation is in part a very prolific source rock containing mainly Type II organic matter with <12 wt.-% TOC and HI < 645 mg HC/g TOC but Type III-influenced organofacies are also present. The formation is therefore to varying degrees heterogeneous. Here we show, using geochemical mass balance modelling, that the petroleum expulsion efficiency of the Mandal Formation is relatively low as compared to the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation, the major source rock in the Viking Graben system. Using maturity series of different initial source quality from structurally distinct regions and encompassing depositional environments from proximal to distal facies, we have examined the relationship between free hydrocarbon retention and organic matter structure. The aromaticity of the original and matured petroleum precursors in the Mandal source rock plays a major role in its gas retention capacity as cross-linked monoaromatic rings act on the outer surface of kerogen as sorptive sites. However, oil retention is a function of both kerogen and involatile bitumen compositions. Slight variations in total petroleum retention capacities within the same kerogen yields suggest that texture of organic matter (e.g. organic porosity) could play a role as well.     

北太平洋海浪场和风场特征分析

利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF——European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的1979年1月2014年12月逐6 h的ERA-Interim有效波高和10 m风场资料,分析了近36年期间北太平洋海域海浪场和风场的变化特征。结果表明:1)中低纬度的西北太平洋波高有逐年线性递增趋势,大约在0.2~0.6 cm/a,而低纬度的太平洋东北部海域则以-0.4~-0.2 cm/a的趋势减小。2)风速线性变化趋势显著的区域主要集中在太平洋东北部低纬度海域,约以1.0~2.0 cm/(s·a)的速度在增加。而日本岛四周、菲律宾半岛以南等海域大都以-1.0~-0.5 cm/(s·a)的速度减小。3)北太平洋海域波高和风速都具有明显的季节变化特征,两者具有很强的相关性。西风带内有一个个波高超过10 m的风暴圈,其波高受风浪和涌浪的双重作用。这可为航海、海洋工程设计、军事及海洋能开发与利用等方面提供科学依据。     

2000年以来朝鲜植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性研究

生态环境的可持续与人类福祉和生态系统服务息息相关,研究植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性,探讨植被覆盖时空变化规律,探究气候因子对植被变化的驱动机制,对预见气候因子对生态系统影响、制定生态环境可持续保护策略具有深远意义。基于此,利用美国国家航空航天局发布的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相关的气候资料,通过对像元信息进行提取与分析,采用最大合成法、克里金插值法、相关分析法等方法,对2000-2016年朝鲜全境植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：朝鲜全境植被覆盖空间分布不均,北部盖马高原、东北部咸镜山区,中、东部山地丘陵区为高值区;西、南部平原地区,东部沿海地带为低值区。NDVI值整体上增加,局部减少,空间差异明显。植被生长受气温和降水双重驱动,其中,气温对植被年内生长变化比降水作用更大;而气温因素中,年平均气温对植被生长的影响程度略大,NDVI对降水的响应存在明显滞后效应;NDVI对温度和降水的响应程度与空间地理位置、高程有关。区域植被NDVI年际变化主要受年最低气温和人类活动的影响。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组古近系页岩气成藏地质条件研究

在辽河盆地各构造单元中以西部凹陷湖泊沉积持续时间最长,是研究辽河盆地沙河街组页岩气成藏的良好地区.本次在大量的资料收集、整理和分析的基础上,对辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步分析,结果表明：本区的暗色泥岩主要发育在半深湖-深湖环境中,暗色泥岩具有厚度大、连续性强、分布广的特点.有机质丰度较高,TOC平均值在2.18%左右.干酪根类型以II型为主,偏向产气.有机质成熟度基本大于0.59%,表明泥页岩已基本进入大量排烃阶段.脆性矿物总量达到43.1%~61.5%,有利于页岩气开采.在页岩气成藏的地质因素分析基础上,综合研究认为,清水洼陷是沙河街组页岩气富集的有利区域.     

南美地区铀矿床类型、成矿区带及找矿前景

南美地区蕴藏了丰富的铀矿资源。通过对砂岩型、石英卵石砾岩型、钙质结砾岩型、火山岩型、花岗岩型、交代岩型6种类型11个矿区进行研究,总结了它们的地质特征,初步划分出中安第斯、阿根廷北部、丘布特和南美东部4个铀矿成矿带,优选出几处铀矿资源潜力区,希望对"走出去"铀矿地质研究工作提供参考。