喀什地区浮尘天气特征及一次重污染天气成因分析

根据1961—2018年喀什地区9个国家站浮尘日数逐日观测资料,利用气候学统计、M-K突变检验等方法分析喀什地区浮尘日数的时空分布等气候特征,分析2019年3月19—25日喀什地区出现的强浮尘造成的重污染天气成因。结果表明:喀什地区年平均浮尘日数为71 d,浮尘日数总体呈减少趋势,并于1997年前后发生了显著减少性突变。2019年3月19—25日出现的强浮尘天气过程,持续时间长,影响范围广,乌拉尔山高压脊发展,脊前横槽转竖,在新疆东部回流东灌冷空气是造成此次沙尘过程的天气背景。浮尘天气造成21—24日喀什地区空气污染指数AQI指达500,属严重污染,首要污染物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)在21日、22日达到峰值,分别为494、1 175μg/m~3。热力、动力条件以及近地面存在逆温层均不利于污染物的扩散。污染过程前后喀什市本站气压与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度均呈正相关,相关系数为0.762、0.507,均通过0.05显著性水平检验;气温与PM_(10)浓度呈负相关,与PM_(2.5)相关性不明显;相对湿度跟PM10和PM2.5呈正相关,表明气象因子在大气污染过程中对大气环境影响明显。     

Multi-hazard susceptibility mapping based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Multi-hazard susceptibility prediction is an important component of disasters risk management plan. An effective multi-hazard risk mitigation strategy includes assessing individual hazards as well as their interactions. However, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, multi-hazard susceptibility prediction techniques based on machine learning has encountered a huge bottleneck. In order to effectively solve this problem, this study proposes a multi-hazard susceptibility mapping framework using the classical deep learning algorithm of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). First, we use historical flash flood, debris flow and landslide locations based on Google Earth images, extensive field surveys, topography, hydrology, and environmental data sets to train and validate the proposed CNN method. Next, the proposed CNN method is assessed in comparison to conventional logistic regression and k-nearest neighbor methods using several objective criteria, i.e., coefficient of determination, overall accuracy, mean absolute error and the root mean square error. Experimental results show that the CNN method outperforms the conventional machine learning algorithms in predicting probability of flash floods, debris flows and landslides. Finally, the susceptibility maps of the three hazards based on CNN are combined to create a multi-hazard susceptibility map. It can be observed from the map that 62.43% of the study area are prone to hazards, while 37.57% of the study area are harmless. In hazard-prone areas, 16.14%, 4.94% and 30.66% of the study area are susceptible to flash floods, debris flows and landslides, respectively. In terms of concurrent hazards, 0.28%, 7.11% and 3.13% of the study area are susceptible to the joint occurrence of flash floods and debris flow, debris flow and landslides, and flash floods and landslides, respectively, whereas, 0.18% of the study area is subject to all the three hazards. The results of this study can benefit engineers, disaster managers and local government officials involved in sustainable land management and disaster risk mitigation.     

Exposure to extreme climate decreases self-rated health score: Large-scale survey evidence from China

High temperature is a growing threat and impacts public health through different exposure mechanisms. Our study constructs a comprehensive exposure measurement based on temperature variability, duration, and effective influence range. We investigate human responses to high temperatures through self-rated health scores based on individual-level data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). Results show that higher temperature and temperature variability significantly decrease self-rated health scores. Subjective health risk is most significantly related to the cumulative temperature in the previous two weeks. We also find that the exposure effects at night and on weekdays are more severe. Workers who experience greater exposure from commuting and work environments are negatively impacted by high temperatures. In addition, men, the elderly, middle and low education groups, rural residents are more likely to be impacted by high temperatures.