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71.
浙西北火山岩型铀矿床的成矿条件及成矿规律研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文根据广泛的野外调查研究和大量的分析统计数据,讨论了浙西北火山岩型铀矿床形成的地质条件和物理化学条件。重点探讨了劳村组、黄尖组和寿昌组的含铀性及岩性、岩相、构造和岩浆活动对成矿的控制作用。探讨了成矿溶液的成分、性质、温度和铀的迁移形式,以及成矿物质来源和成矿机理,并在此基础上总结出铀成矿的时空规律。 相似文献
72.
73.
Y. Mahara 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(4):215-224
This study Investigates a tracing method using dissolved noble gases to survey the groundwater flow in a large groundwater basin. The tracing method is based on measuring the concentrations of noble gases and the ratio of helium isotopes in groundwater samples. Since it is very difficult to detect trace amounts of noble gases and helium with high accuracy in a 15-ml groundwater sample, dissolved gases were extracted and purified, then a high-resolution mass spectrometer was used for measurement and comparison with standard samples. We used this method with samples from a confined aquifer formed by the deposition of pyroclastic flow in the Kumamoto Plain on the west side of Mt. Aso in central Kyushu, Japan. The groundwater basin under the plain is divided into four small basins, based on the helium concentrations and isotope ratios, with two major groundwater flows. One flow is buried by the Aso pyroclastic flow along the old Kase River; the other is along the Tsuboi River Valley. These two groundwater flows were identified from the different helium isotope-ratios. The helium component from the deep mantle is mixed into the groundwater under the Kumamoto Plain. Finally, data on the concentrations and ratios of3He to4He in groundwater samples were used to determine the location of faults in the volcanic aquifer. 相似文献
74.
Volcanic lightning, perhaps the most spectacular consequence of the electrification of volcanic plumes, has been implicated in the origin of life on Earth, and may also exist in other planetary atmospheres. Recent years have seen volcanic lightning detection used as part of a portfolio of developing techniques to monitor volcanic eruptions. Remote sensing measurement techniques have been used to monitor volcanic lightning, but surface observations of the atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) and the charge carried on volcanic ash also show that many volcanic plumes, whilst not sufficiently electrified to produce lightning, have detectable electrification exceeding that of their surrounding environment. Electrification has only been observed associated with ash-rich explosive plumes, but there is little evidence that the composition of the ash is critical to its occurrence. Different conceptual theories for charge generation and separation in volcanic plumes have been developed to explain the disparate observations obtained, but the ash fragmentation mechanism appears to be a key parameter. It is unclear which mechanisms or combinations of electrification mechanisms dominate in different circumstances. Electrostatic forces play an important role in modulating the dry fall-out of ash from a volcanic plume. Beyond the local electrification of plumes, the higher stratospheric particle concentrations following a large explosive eruption may affect the global atmospheric electrical circuit. It is possible that this might present another, if minor, way by which large volcanic eruptions affect global climate. The direct hazard of volcanic lightning to communities is generally low compared to other aspects of volcanic activity. 相似文献
75.
Vyacheslav M. Zobin Carlos J. Navarro-Ochoa Gabriel A. Reyes-Dávila 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,69(2):141-147
In July–August 2003, the andesitic lava dome at Volcán de Colima, México, was destroyed by a sequence of explosions that replaced the 2×106 m3 dome with a crater 200 m across and 30 m deep. The two strongest explosions occurred on July 17 and August 28. The initial low-frequency impulses that they produced, which were recorded on broadband seismic records, allowed an estimation of the counter forces of the initiating process as being equal to 0.3×1011 N and 1×1011 N for the July and August events, respectively. The seismic characteristics follow the Nishimura-Hamaguchi scaling law for volcanic explosions, reflecting self-similarity in the processes initiating explosive events. The results also show that counter forces can discriminate between the sizes of explosive eruptions that are assigned the same magnitude by conventional methods of classification such as the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The increasing use of broadband seismometers may therefore provide the basis for using counter forces to determine the magnitude of explosive eruptions. 相似文献
76.
针对在卵石及基岩地层中桩孔施工时成孔难、渗漏大的问题,以液压抓斗为成孔设备,采用合理的机械结构、钻进方法、泥浆配方进行矩形截面桩的施工。 相似文献
77.
RodrIguez Carolina; Selles Daniel; Dungan Michael; Langmuir Charles; Leeman William 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(11):2033-2061
The mid-Holocene eruptive products of Nevado de Longavívolcano (36·2°S, Chile) are the only reported occurrenceof adakitic volcanic rocks in the Quaternary Andean SouthernVolcanic Zone (33–46°S). Dacites of this volcano arechemically distinct from other evolved magmas of the regionin that they have high La/Yb (15–20) and Sr/Y (60–90)ratios and systematically lower incompatible element contents.An origin by partial melting of high-pressure crustal sourcesseems unlikely from isotopic and trace element considerations.Mafic enclaves quenched into one of the dacites, on the otherhand, constitute plausible parental magmas. Dacites and maficenclaves share several characteristics such as mineral chemistry,whole-rock isotope and trace element ratios, highly oxidizingconditions (NNO + 1·5 to >NNO + 2, where NNO is thenickel–nickel oxide buffer), and elevated boron contents.A two-stage mass-balance crystal fractionation model that matchesboth major and trace elements is proposed to explain magmaticevolution from the least evolved mafic enclave to the dacites.Amphibole is the main ferromagnesian phase in both stages ofthis model, in agreement with the mineralogy of the magmas.We also describe cumulate-textured xenoliths that correspondvery closely to the solid assemblages predicted by the model.We conclude that Nevado de Longaví adakitic dacites arethe products of polybaric fractional crystallization from exceptionallywater-rich parent magmas. These basaltic magmas are inferredto be related to an exceptionally high, but transient inputof slab-derived fluids released from serpentinite bodies hostedin the oceanic Mocha Fracture Zone, which projects beneath Nevadode Longaví. Fractional crystallization that is modallydominated by amphibole, with very minor garnet extraction, isa mechanism for generating adakitic magmas in cold subductionzones where a high flux of slab-derived fluids is present. KEY WORDS: adakite; amphibole; Andes; differentiation; Southern Volcanic Zone 相似文献
78.
Rowe M. C.; Wolff J. A.; Gardner J. N.; Ramos F. C.; Teasdale R.; Heikoop C. E. 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(11):2063-2091
The Miocene–Quaternary Jemez Mountains volcanic field(JMVF) is the site of the Valles caldera and associated BandelierTuff. Caldera formation was preceded by > 10 Myr of volcanismdominated by intermediate composition rocks (57–70% SiO2)that contain components derived from the lithospheric mantleand Precambrian crust. Simple mixing between crust-dominatedsilicic melts and mantle-dominated mafic magmas, fractionalcrystallization, and assimilation accompanied by fractionalcrystallization are the principal mechanisms involved in theproduction of these intermediate lavas. A variety of isotopicallydistinct crustal sources were involved in magmatism between13 and 6 Ma, but only one type (or two very similar types) ofcrust between 6 and 2 Ma. This long history constitutes a recordof accommodation of mantle-derived magma in the crust by meltingof country rock. The post-2 Ma Bandelier Tuff and associatedrhyolites were, in contrast, generated by melting of hybridizedcrust in the form of buried, warm intrusive rocks associatedwith pre-6 Ma activity. Major shifts in the location, styleand geochemical character of magmatism in the JMVF occur withina few million years after volcanic maxima and may correspondto pooling of magma at a new location in the crust followingsolidification of earlier magma chambers that acted as trapsfor basaltic replenishment. KEY WORDS: crustal anatexis; fractional crystallization; Jemez Mountain Volcanic Field; Valles Caldera; radiogenic isotopes; trace elements 相似文献
79.
Vulnerability assessment in a volcanic risk evaluation in Central Mexico through a multi-criteria-GIS approach 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
José Fernando Aceves-Quesada Jesús Díaz-Salgado Jorge López-Blanco 《Natural Hazards》2007,40(2):339-356
The Valley of Toluca is a major industrial and agricultural area in Central Mexico, especially the City of Toluca, the capital
of The State of Mexico. The Nevado de Toluca volcano is located to the southwest of The Toluca Basin. Results obtained from
the vulnerability assessment phase of the study area (5,040 km2 and 42 municipalities) are presented here as a part of a comprehensive volcanic risk assessment of The Toluca Basin. Information
has been gathered and processed at a municipal level including thematic maps at 1:250,000 scale. A database has been built,
classified and analyzed within a GIS environment; additionally, a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) approach was applied as
an aid for the decision-making process. Cartographic results were five vulnerability maps: (1) Total Population, (2) Land
Use/Cover, (3) Infrastructure, (4) Economic Units and (5) Total Vulnerability. Our main results suggest that the Toluca and
Tianguistenco urban and industrial areas, to the north and northeast of The Valley of Toluca, are the most vulnerable areas,
for their high concentration of population, infrastructure, economic activity, and exposure to volcanic events. 相似文献
80.
河北风化店中生代火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
河北风化店中生代火山岩主要为钙碱性到偏碱性的流纹英安岩-流纹岩-碱流岩及少量碱性粗面岩和石英粗面岩。岩石全碱含量高,平均9.25%,大部分岩石的K2O/Na2O>1,Fe2O3/FeO比值大,TiO2含量低,以富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和贫高场强元素(HFSE)及贫亲铁元素为特征。稀土元素配分型式表现为轻稀土富集并具Eu弱负异常。(87Sr/86Sr)初始比和(143Nd/144Nd)初始比分别为0.7054和0.5115,εNd(t)为-18.2。所有这些特征均表明该区火山岩的物源来自地壳硅铝层的重熔并有消减带物质及幔源物质的加入。该火山岩形成于中生代时期中国东部活动大陆边缘挤压作用向引张作用转变前的挤压应力环境,是较成熟火山孤后拉张前的产物。 相似文献