DISTRIBUTIONS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS WITH RELATION TO MAJOR WATER CIRCULATIONS IN THE CENTRAL AND NORTHERN PARTS OF THE TAIWAN STRAIT

Data obtained from a comprehensive multidisciplinary oceanographic survey in the central and northern parts of the Taiwan Strait, 24°20′-26°00′N, 118°45°-121°00′E by the Fujian Institute of Oceanology during the period May, 1983 through May, 1984, showed that the distributions of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, dissolved inorganic phosphate and silicate concentrations here had obvious areal and seasonal characteristics that were mainly influenced by the seasonal circulation ofthree major water systems in the Taiwan Strait-- the Taiwan Strait Warm Water (TSWW), theZhejiang-Fujian Coastal Water (ZFCW), and the Northeastern Strait Warm Water (NESWW).     

台湾海峡斑鰶群体遗传学研究

基于线粒体控制区片段,对采自于台湾海峡的4个斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)群体进行群体遗传学研究.结果显示:4个斑鰶群体均呈现出高的单倍型多样度和低的核苷酸多样度;邻接关系树结构简单,且单倍型网络图呈星形结构,二者均未检测到与地理群体相对应的谱系结构;AMOVA和群体间遗传分化指数Fst的计算结果显示斑鰶的遗传变异主要来自于群体内,群体间遗传分化微弱,无显著群体遗传结构;核苷酸不配对分布和中性检验结果均暗示斑鰶经历了近期的群体扩张事件,推测扩张时间大约在5.29×104a前,属于更新世晚期.斑鰶幼体较长的浮游期和洋流的输送作用可能是造成该海域群体间具有较高遗传同质性的主要原因,进一步提示该海域的斑鰶可作为同一种质资源和保护单元进行评估、管理.     

A depth-averaged tidal numerical model using non-orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates

The two-dimensional shallow-water equations are developed for non-orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, in terms of the local deviations of the mesh from east and north. The equations are discretised and applied to a numerical model of tides in the Menai Strait in north Wales. The mesh is designed partially to fit the coastline and deep channels in the domain. After calibration, the model produces results which correspond well with measurements. This research was carried out while on sabbatical leave from University of Plymouth.     

台湾海峡架桥铺路的层析技术问题的初步分析

关于在台湾海峡架桥和修筑隧道的问题从1987年至2002年在福省召开过三次"台湾海峡两岸地质地震和架桥与修筑隧道的研讨会",以后陆续出版了相应的论文和论文集,提出了"台湾海峡架桥和修筑隧道的可行性研究",和"台湾海峡隧道工程设计总建议"等[1-4],论述了修建该工程的可行性等问题.提出平潭岛可作为海峡北线的端点,探讨了如何具体建桥和相关工程的问题.近年来地球层析技术的发展,可对台湾海峡隧道工程的工程地质问题,海港的开发和沿海陆地的充分利用等,做出探测台湾海峡地下地层三维成像细结构和地球物理场的空间分布,作为台湾海峡架桥铺路工程基本设计的必要依据.为了让大中小轮船在台湾海峡顺利通航,利用现代的科技研讨台湾海峡两岸连接的最佳方案.为了架成大型的高桥和修建堤坝式的地基,必须用地震层析和应力波等方法探测桥梁和堤坝地基的结构和地层的坚实程度,以便决定桥墩深入海底的深度,和设计坚固而又经济的桥墩与堤坝的基础.参考开采海底石油平台施工和荷兰填海造田的工程经验,以双边海堤与大型高桥及活动的船闸相结合,从平潭岛东至台湾新竹西海岸,在124千米距离上架设4-6段桥梁和5-7段堤坝型的路基,既让大中小船舶照常航行,海洋生物照常游动,又可在其上通车,以缩短两岸距离,适应中国大陆和台湾经济快速发展的需要,争取和平沟通的愿望.由于架桥铺路的工程费用较修筑隧道的投资低得多,在福建近海地带局部填海造地,充分利用海洋资源和建筑深水码头,可得到较大的经济补偿,在现阶段较易实施.本文初步分析了有关的地球层析和工业CT技术的作用问题.     

台湾海峡西岸台风大风特征及极端大风典型个例分析

利用1987-2016年福建省沿海台风大风资料、美国NCEP再分析资料和FY2C卫星云顶亮温（TBB）资料,采用统计和天气学诊断方法,对台湾海峡西岸台风大风和极端大风进行定义并对特征进行分析。结果表明：台湾海峡西岸台风大风以7-9级为主,极端大风在10-14级,海峡西岸中部是大风重灾区。将研究时段内的台风大风样本按路径归为4类,发现产生大风的台风以登陆闽中北-浙中和登陆闽南-粤东路径居多,大风区总体位于登陆台风路径的右侧。对0608号"桑美"和1614号"莫兰蒂"产生极端大风的典型个例对比研究发现,地面北高南低形势及气压梯度越密集越有利于大风提早产生,台风上空中层冷平流侵入激发低层中尺度对流发展强盛是导致地面大风增强的可能成因。     

基于海洋模式数据的吕宋海峡输运量和菲律宾黑潮流量关系的分析

利用全球涡分辨率海洋环流模式OFES的60年(1950—2009)输出资料,用流速资料计算了吕宋岛东侧18°N断面黑潮上游流量(Kuroshio Transport,KT)和120.5°E断面吕宋海峡输运量(Luzon Strait Transport,LST)。研究表明,KT和LST存在四种情况,即:(1)KT大LST小、(2)KT大LST大、(3)KT小LST小和(4)KT小LST大,分别占其总数的34%、11%、13%、42%。合成分析证实:一般情况下,KT大对应黑潮跨越吕宋海峡流态,此时LST较小;KT小时,地转β效应迫使黑潮向西入侵吕宋海峡,此时LST大。然而,吕宋岛东侧和台湾东南沿岸的涡旋常削弱黑潮在吕宋海峡处流量,造成KT大时黑潮亦入侵吕宋海峡,从而出现KT大LST大的情形;太平洋一侧的异常高海表高度诱发吕宋海峡处强地转流,造成KT虽小而黑潮在吕宋海峡处仍是跨越流态,因而LST小。结果表明,LST不仅受KT影响,亦受局地涡旋和海表高度的重要控制。     

吕宋海峡黑潮脱落涡旋的特征分析

涡旋脱落在西太平洋和南海的海水属性交换中起到重要作用。为研究吕宋海峡附近海域由黑潮脱落并进入南海的涡旋特征,本文采用1993—2014年法国空间局(AVISO)多卫星融合海面高度距平(SLA)和绝对动力地形(ADT)全球网格化延时数据,美国国家海洋数据中心(NODC)的WOA13年平均温盐剖面气候数据,以及1993—2010年SODA2.2.4月平均海洋同化数据集,并分析了黑潮脱落涡旋与大尺度环流的关系。结果表明:(1)暖涡脱落数量远多于冷涡数量,且脱落的冷涡绝大部分在黑潮西侧边缘生成,而脱落的暖涡则大部分在黑潮控制区生成。(2)冷涡、暖涡脱落时的平均半径、平均振幅相近,但是冷涡的平均生命、平均迁移距离约为暖涡的一半。(3)冷涡不是每年都有脱落,主要在冬季脱落;暖涡则每年均有脱落,主要发生在秋季。(4)脱落涡旋数量与脱落时的黑潮路径类型相关。(5)脱落涡旋的平均西行速度为5.8cm/s,与斜压第一模态长Rossby波波速及大尺度环流的西向平流流速之和相近。     

Arctic sea ice volume export through the Fram Strait from combined satellite and model data: 1979–2012

By combing satellite-derived ice motion and concentration with ice thickness fields from a popular model PIOMAS we obtain the estimates of ice volume flux passing the Fram Strait over the 1979–2012 period. Since current satellite and field observations for sea ice thickness are limited in time and space, the use of PIOMAS is expected to fill the gap by providing temporally continued ice thickness fields. Calculated monthly volume flux exhibits a prominent annual cycle with the peak record in March(roughly 145 km3/month) and the trough in August(10 km~3/month). Annual ice volume flux(1 132 km~3) is primarily attributable to winter(October through May) outflow(approximately 92%). Uncertainty in annual ice volume export is estimated to be 55 km~3(or 5.7%). Our results also verified the extremely large volume flux appearing between late 1980 s and mid-1990 s. Nevertheless, no clear trend was found in our volume flux results. Ice motion is the primary factor in the determination of behavior of volume flux. Ice thickness presented a general decline trend may partly enhance or weaken the volume flux trend. Ice concentration exerted the least influences on modulating trends and variability in volume flux. Moreover, the linkage between winter ice volume flux and three established Arctic atmospheric schemes were examined. Compared to NAO, the DA and EOF3 mechanism explains a larger part of variations of ice volume flux across the strait.     

Genetic and morphological divergence in the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) across the African Mediterranean coast

The present investigation focuses on population structure analysis of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus across the African Mediterranean coast, with the main aim of assessing the influence of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait on gene flow disruption in this highly dispersive echinoid species. For this purpose, patterns of morphological and genetic variation were assessed among its populations from the western and eastern Mediterranean coasts. A total of 302 specimens from seven Tunisian sites were collected and examined for morphometric variability at twelve morphometric traits. Concordant results, inferred from CDA (canonical discriminant analyses), pairwise NPMANOVA (non parametric multivariate analysis of variance) comparisons and MDS (multidimensional scaling) plot, unveiled significant inter-population differences in the measured traits among the studied populations. Furthermore, the combined use of the one way ANOSIM (analysis of similarities) and the Discriminant/Hotelling analysis allowed unravelling two morphologically differentiated groups assigned to both western and eastern Mediterranean basins. The SIMPER (similarity percentages) routine analysis showed that total dry weight, test diameter and spine length were major contributors to the morphometric separation between locations and between groups. Pattern of phenotypic divergence discerned in P. lividus across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait is interestingly in congruence with that inferred from the genetic investigation of the purple sea urchin populations from the same region based on the analysis of the mtDNA COI (cytochrome oxidase I) gene in 314 specimens from nineteen locations covering a wider geographic transect, streching westward to the Algerian coast and eastward to the Libyan littoral. The specific haplotypic composition characterizing each Mediterranean basin, as inferred from the minimum spanning network, confirmed the geographic partioning of genetic variation, as revealed by F-statistics and AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) analyses, yielding significant genetic differentiation between eastern and western Mediterranean populations. The newly detected phylogeographic patterns, observed for the first time in P. lividus throughout the explored distribution range, suggest the involvement of different biotic and abiotic processes in shaping such variation, and provide evidence that a large and geographically exhaustive dataset is necessary to unveil phylogeographic structure within widespread marine species, previously cathegorized as panmictic in part of their distribution range.     

An overview of cetacean strandings,bycatches and rescues along the western coast of the Taiwan Strait,China: 2010–2015

鲸豚类是大型的海洋哺乳动物,是海洋中的重点保护生物。在制定相应的保护政策前,应较为充分地了解其种群特征。而分析一个地区的鲸豚搁浅等信息,则能够为该地区提供其组成和物种多样性等基本信息。本研究收集了2010-2015年台湾海峡西岸发生的鲸豚类的搁浅、误捕和救护等资料和样本。结果共记录了48例事件,其中包括37例搁浅事件,8例误捕事件和3例救护事件,共涵盖了13个鲸豚物种。其中,中华白海豚和江豚占较大比例,分别为31.3%和25%。值得注意的是,其中10起事件（20.8%）发生在平潭岛,而且包含了3种须鲸和4种齿鲸。另外,我们还比较了台湾海峡东西两侧鲸豚物种的组成,发现共有31种鲸豚物种生活在台湾海峡,说明该地区的鲸豚物种丰富度较高。通过这些信息的收集和分析,我们基本摸清了台湾海峡的鲸豚物种分布。今后,我们将通过开展野外调查来系统地分析台湾海峡的鲸类物种组成,种群大小和栖息地状况等基础资料,为提供更好的保护管理打下良好基础。