风廓线雷达估算大气返回信号功率方法研究

基于风廓线雷达大气返回信号功率谱中噪声电平的估算方法,统计分析了北京延庆对流层风廓线雷达（CFL-08）2006年10～12月的探测数据。对该频段风廓线雷达环境噪声的空间和时间变化进行了分析,观测期间环境噪声在5km以下随高度递减,10月的平均环境噪声大于11月、12月的平均分布。给出目前风廓线雷达用信噪比估算大气返回信号功率的两种方法,并对两种方法进行了环境噪声的剔除,经过修正后的大气返回信号功率输出结果趋于一致。     

边界层温度廓线遥感反演的本地化改进研究

采用MODIS资料和美国发展的MODIS大气温、湿度廓线统计反演算法,估算大气温度、湿度廓线作为初始场,应用101层快速透过率模式(PFAAST)估算了大气透过率,并采用Newton非线性迭代算法反演中国西北荒漠戈壁地区大气温度廓线。结果表明:该方法对边界层高度及以上部分的大气温度反演得比较好,误差基本都在2 K范围内,边界层范围内的温度反演误差较大,反演误差与气溶胶光学厚度增量和地表温度估算误差呈显著正相关关系,与大气水汽混合比的关系较差。文中从敏感性试验和理论分析角度阐述了地表温度和气溶胶光学厚度估算误差对大气温度反演误差的影响,发现不同光谱波段的地表温度权重均随地表温度的增加有不同程度增加,地表温度反演误差增加将增加地表温度权重,提高地表温度估算误差有助于提高地表温度权重的精度;荒漠戈壁地区大气边界层中气溶胶浓度较高,光学厚度较大,使边界层大气透过率降低,进而降低卫星红外遥感波段的地表温度权重和空气温度权重。由于该模式没有很好地考虑边界层中沙尘气溶胶的影响,使卫星反演的大气透过率偏高,以至于高估地表温度权重和大气温度权重,使得反演的表面温度和空气温度偏低。该研究结合太阳光度计获得的光学厚度资料,采用统计方法对气溶胶效应引起的大气透过率误差和表面温度估算误差进行校正,并对物理算法进行本地化改进,实现了边界层温度廓线的反演。     

Segmentation of soil roughness profiles

A robust and flexible algorithm to study spatial series like soil roughness profile has been introduced. It avoids using classic spectral analysis, considers the profile first and foremost as non-stationary and makes it possible to identify the separate domains inside the profile where chosen statistical parameters and roughness indexes have their own value. The method analyses a roughness profile considering it as an assemblage of several entities that may differ in terms of statistical properties and length, without establishing constraints as to number and extension. The method derives the variability of statistical and roughness properties along the profile and extracts the possible components - random and oriented - detectable inside the sample. Some examples of application illustrate the possibility offered by the method to study real roughness profiles recorded in the field by a portable laser microprofilometer. The procedure proposed allows the investigation of local roughness properties with varying degrees of accuracy and should be useful to monitor the differential evolution of roughness on patterned soil surface, increasing the overall information content. A general definition of ‘ordered roughness’ is introduced. The definition proposed seems more suited to current techniques for the numerical treatment of digital profiles and for the existing physical relationships between the scale of observation of roughness and the scale of the process investigated (hydraulic resistance, water storage in depressions). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semiannual velocity variations around the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake fault zone revealed by ambient noise and ACROSS active source data

We continuously monitor the long-term seismic velocity variation of one of the major ruptured faults of the devastating 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China from July 2009 to January 2012,jointly using accurately controlled routinely operated signal system active source and seismic noise-based monitoring technique.Our measurements show that the temporal velocity change is not homogeneous and highly localized in the damaged fault zone and the adjacent areas.Velocity variations from the active and passive methods are quite consistent,which both are characterized by ±0.2 % seasonal variation,with peak and trough at winter and summer,respectively.The periodic velocity variation within fault zone exhibits remarkably positive correlation with barometric pressure with stress sensitivity in the order of 10-6Pa-1,suggesting that the plausible mechanism might be the crack density variation of the shallow subsurface medium of the damaged fault zone in response to the cyclic barometric pressure loading.     

Rock magnetic properties and palaeomagnetic results of sediments from a stone implement layer in the Bose Basin,Guangxi

Directional samples were taken to study rock magnetism and palaeomagnetic records from the Dong- sheng profile, which is 5 m thick and on the northwest edge of the Bose Basin. Mineralogy and rock magnetism of typical samples indicate that coarse granular titanomagnetite, and fine-grained hematite, superparamagnetic maghemite formed by pedogenesis are in the sediment, which has undergone many transformative processes during different stages of pedogenesis. Parallel samples were taken for thermal demagnetization (TH) (0 to 680℃) and alternating field (AF) demagnetization (0 to 80 mT) respectively. Experimental results of these two kinds of demagnetization illustrate that there are two or more magnetic components in the samples. Intensity of NRM decreases by almost 60% to 90% rapidly when the temperature ranges from 100℃ to 350℃, with a steady magnetic component. It is impossible to analyze the magnetic components at high temperature because those fluctuate widely when the temperature is higher than 400℃. Steady magnetic components from 100℃ to 350℃ indicate that the remanence was mainly carried by fine-grained hematite formed by pedogenesis, reflecting a change in the geomagnetic field while the magnetite was being oxidized into hematite by chemical weathering after deposition. The formative age of the sediments cannot be obtained by magnetic methods in this profile.     

新疆及其毗邻地区地震层析成像

利用新疆地震台网及其毗邻地区的国外地震台站提供的地震Ｐ波到时数据,重建了新疆及其毗邻地区地壳上地幔的三维速度图像．主要结果是：１．研究区地壳上地幔的地震波速度存在明显的横向不均匀性．这种不均匀性出现在不同构造单元之间,也出现在各构造单元之内．２．一般来说,研究区域内盆地是上地幔的隆起区,褶皱系是上地幔的坳陷区．３．岩石层厚度和软流层的深度与全球的平均结果有较大不同．４．海洋岩石层或大陆岩石层板块在兴都库什和克什米尔与中国交界地区的消减明显存在．５．地壳上地幔物质运动比较剧烈,有部分熔融物质上涌到地壳中部或更浅的深度．     

全波形反演在缝洞型储层速度建模中的应用

速度是地震偏移成像准确与否的关键所在.全波形反演综合利用地震波场运动学和动力学信息,能够得到相比传统速度建模方法更高频的成分.全波形反演的理论比较成熟,但实际应用成功的例子相对较少,特别是对于陆上地震资料.塔里木盆地地震地质条件复杂,为了实现缝洞型储层的准确成像,本文开展了针对目标靶区的全波形反演精细速度建场研究.采用一种时间域分层多尺度全波形反演流程:首先通过层析成像建立初始速度模型;其次利用折射波反演浅层速度模型;最后利用反射波反演中深层速度模型.偏移成像结果表明基于全波形反演的速度建模技术能有效改善火成岩下伏构造的成像精度,显示了全波形反演在常规陆上采集资料的应用潜力.     

山东省虎（Panthera tigris）化石的首次发现及其意义

本文祥详细记述了山东省首次发现的虎化石的特征及出土地点和剖面的基本情况，论证了化石出土地层剖面的时代，应当属于晚更新世，并阐明了该化石发现的意义。     

深地震反射剖面揭示的天津地区张渤带地壳精细结构

穿过天津地区张渤带的长86 km、NE向深地震反射剖面揭示了该区清晰的地壳精细结构图像和断裂的深浅构造特征,为研究张渤地震构造带的深部孕震环境和构造模式提供了地震学证据,对探讨晚中生代以来华北裂陷盆地的深部动力学过程及演化具有重要意义.结果表明,天津地区张渤带地壳以结晶基底反射T_G为界,分为上下两部分;上地壳反射波组丰富,分层特征明显,界面起伏形态清楚,清晰地刻画出冀中坳陷新生代沉积分层、箕状沉积凹陷的底界、潮白河断裂、蓟运河断裂及丰台—野鸡坨断裂的几何结构;地壳内部结晶基底（T_G）至Moho之间,显示出近于"反射透明"的地震波场特征,无明显震相,这与华北其他地区的深地震反射剖面结果明显不同;地壳厚度为30.0~34.5 km,总体变化趋势为中段地壳厚而南北端相对较薄,Moho在横向上显示出明显的不均匀和横向间断特征,在Moho被错断处存在两个明显的反射事件R_A和R_C,R_A可能是软流圈热物质上涌的侧向残留物,叠层状反射震相R_C则表现出壳幔过渡带特征;剖面揭示了2条错断Moho的超壳深大断裂（F_D1和F_D2）和9条上地壳断裂,深大断裂应是软流圈热物质上涌,造成上地幔隆起而形成的,上地壳断裂与地壳垂直运动及侧向引张力有关;超壳深断裂（F_D1和F_D2）为本区深部热物质的上涌与能量交换提供了通道,而与之对应的地壳浅部断裂（F₃和F₉）,则为能量调整提供了可能的条件,断裂邻近区域可能是未来发生强震的地区,值得注意.     

FY-4A数据在2021年1月6—8日寒潮监测中应用

基于静止气象卫星图像解译理论和位涡理论,应用FY-4A水汽图像、干涉式大气垂直探测仪（GIIRS）产品和欧洲中心第五代大气再分析资料（ERA5）对2021年1月6—8日我国中东部地区寒潮天气进行分析。结果表明：高空冷涡和地面冷高压是影响此次寒潮天气的主要影响系统,冷空气5日08:00从贝加尔湖南部向东、向南加强发展,8日20:00 减弱;对比FY-4A/GIIRS与ERA5 850 hPa 24 h变温数据发现：两种数据反映的对流层低层冷空气东移南下特征和正负变温区域分布特征基本一致,FY-4A/GIIRS 850 hPa 24 h负变温中心和0℃等变温线的位置与ERA5数据接近,FY-4A/GIIRS 850 hPa 24 h变温中心值强度略大于ERA5。水汽图像暗区变暗附近的高层位涡的增加激发高层气旋性环流后侧下沉运动增强,干空气下沉造成了地面高压增强;500 hPa冷涡中心附近绝对涡度增加是引起冷空气增强的原因之一;冷空气急剧增强时段,中低层位涡的加大引起地面冷空气堆积,寒潮增强。FY-4A/GIIRS温度产品反映的冷空气移动特征与位涡理论对冷空气增强原因分析结果一致,说明应用FY-4A/GIIRS温度产品能够有效监测分析寒潮冷空气演变特征。