The Budget of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in the Urban Roughness Sublayer

Full-scale observations from two urban sites in Basel, Switzerland were analysed to identify the magnitude of different processes that create, relocate, and dissipate turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the urban atmosphere. Two towers equipped with a profile of six ultrasonic anemometers each sampled the flow in the urban roughness sublayer, i.e. from street canyon base up to roughly 2.5 times the mean building height. This observational study suggests a conceptual division of the urban roughness sublayer into three layers: (1) the layer above the highest roofs, where local buoyancy production and local shear production of TKE are counterbalanced by local viscous dissipation rate and scaled turbulence statistics are close to to surface-layer values; (2) the layer around mean building height with a distinct inflexional mean wind profile, a strong shear and wake production of TKE, a more efficient turbulent exchange of momentum, and a notable export of TKE by transport processes; (3) the lower street canyon with imported TKE by transport processes and negligible local production. Averaged integral velocity variances vary significantly with height in the urban roughness sublayer and reflect the driving processes that create or relocate TKE at a particular height. The observed profiles of the terms of the TKE budget and the velocity variances show many similarities to observations within and above vegetation canopies.     

Changes in polar amplification in response to increasing warming in CMIP6

由于全球变暖,极地地区的气候经历了明显的变暖放大.在本项研究中,我们根据CMIP6模式的三种变暖情景(SSP1-2,6,SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5)下,极地放大变化对各个反馈机制(包括普朗克,温度递减率,云,水蒸气,反照率反馈,CO2强迫,海洋热吸收和大气热传输)的响应进行了分析.结果表明,通过用“辐射核”方法...     

瞬态面波法在公路软基勘查中的应用研究

对公路建设中时常遇见的砂土类软弱路基问题,采用瞬态面波法并结合少量钻孔测试信息,建立面波速度和砂土力学参数的关系模型,可预测勘查区的砂土力学参数的纵横向展布特征和规律。经实践检验,预测结果与实际砂土介质的变化规律基本吻合,表明所建立的关系数学模型基本正确并具有较高的实用性。结果为公路砂土路基分类评价以及软弱路基的勘查提供了一个经济可行的思路和方法。     

三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法

由于地面微地震监测台站布设在地表,会受到地表起伏、低降速带厚度和速度变化的影响,降低了微地震事件的识别准确度和定位精度,限制了地面微地震监测技术在复杂地表地区的应用.因此,将三维地震勘探技术的思路引入到地面微地震监测中,提出了三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法,将油气勘探和开发技术更加紧密地结合在一起.根据三维地震数据和低降速带测量数据,通过约束层析反演方法建立精确的近地表速度模型,将地面微地震台站从起伏地表校正到高速层中的平滑基准面上,有效消除复杂近地表的影响.其次,根据射孔数据和声波测井速度信息,通过非线性反演方法建立最优速度模型,由于已经消除复杂近地表的影响,在进行速度模型优化时不需要考虑近地表的影响,因而建立的速度模型更加准确.最后,在精确速度模型的基础上,通过互相关方法求取剩余静校正量,进一步消除了复杂近地表和速度模型近似误差的影响.三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法采用逐步校正的思路,能够有效消除复杂近地表的影响,提高微地震数据的品质和速度模型的精确度,保证了微地震事件的定位精度,具有良好的应用前景.     

CONCENTRATION AND VELOCITY OF DEBRIS FLOWS

1 RESISTANCE TO WATER-STONE FLOW As a special sort of debris flow, water-stone flow, or as generally called, sub-viscous debris flow, always occurs in channel of steep slope, dominantly in composition of coarse grains of bedload and laminated load with less suspended load. In some literature, water-stone flow is defined for convenience of study as that without suspended fine grains in composition, and it follows from this definition that transportation concentration of this kind of …     

Influence of shear speed and normal stress on the shear behavior and shear zone structure of granular materials in naturally drained ring shear tests

“Sliding Surface Liquefaction” is a process causing strength loss and consequent rapid motion and long runout of certain landslides. Using a new ring shear apparatus with a transparent shear-box and digital video camera system, shear-speed-controlled tests were conducted on mixed grains (mixture of three different sizes of sand and gravel) and mixed beads to study shear behavior and shear zone development process under the naturally drained condition in which pore pressure is allowed to dissipate through the opened upper drainage valve during shearing. Higher excess pore water pressure and lower minimum apparent friction were observed in the tests where grain crushing was more extensive under higher normal stress and higher shear speed. Along with the diffusion of silty water generated by grain crushing, smaller particles were transported upward and downward from the shear zone. Concentration of larger grains to the central and upper part of the shear zone was confirmed by means of visual observation together with grain size analysis of sliced samples from several layers after the test. On the other hand, smaller particles were accumulated mostly below the layer where larger grains were accumulated. The reason why larger grains were accumulated into the shear zone may be interpreted as follows: grains under shearing are also subjected to vertical movement, the penetration resistance of larger grains into a layer of moving particles is smaller than that into the static layer. Therefore, larger grains tend to move into the layer of moving grains. At the same time, smaller particles can drop into the pores of underlying larger grains downward due to gravity.     

面板堆石坝坝顶加速度沿坝轴线分布规律

对面板堆石坝进行三维动力反应计算分析,采用等价线性化模型以不同坝体高度、不同河谷形状为对象,研究了输入不同地震波坝体的反应。结果表明,在坝高相同、基础输入加速度不变情况下,随河谷宽度增加,坝顶坝轴线最大加速度位置由中间向两岸对称移动;对狭窄河谷,最大加速度在坝轴线中间坝顶部位,对宽阔河谷,最大加速度在靠近两岸的部位,这一结果否定了以往对宽河谷采用二维动力计算结果的做法。进而提出对高面板堆石坝,地震反应除应给出沿坝高的地震放大系数外,还应给出沿坝轴线的地震放大系数。     

双差分定位法在柴达木西部油田微地震定位中的应用研究

概述了双差分定位法及其基本原理,重点介绍了双差分定位法在柴达木西部狮子沟油田微地震定位中的应用：对研究区内的微地震定位后,发现微地震分布与区内的断裂带具有一定的相关性,另外,油田油井的生产与注水对微地震的诱发有着影响。双差分定位后,数据残差平均值为0．36s,水平和垂直方向的估算误差平均值都在0．15m左右。利用高精度的双差分定住结果,可以对深层地质构造进行解析,为油田油气资源调查和评价提供信息。     

强震作用下黄土隧道洞口段地震动放大效应研究

针对黄土地区山岭隧道面临的强震灾害现实特点,以强震作用下洞口周边土体与隧道结构的地震动放大效应为主要研究目标,通过建立三维数值模型,重点研究不同坡度、坡高与入洞高程模型的坡面高程方向、水平方向以及衬砌结构的加速度与位移响应规律,提出坡面加固区范围和隧道抗震设防长度建议值。研究结果表明:仰坡高度、坡角及进洞高程的变化,均会对隧道洞口段地震响应规律和破坏模式产生重要影响,缓坡易发生坡底处的剪切破坏,而陡坡易发生坡顶的拉裂破坏;随着边坡高度的增大,边坡的滑动破坏范围逐渐增大;隧道的存在对坡面地震动高程放大效应有明显"抑制"作用,在洞口水平向存在动力响应放大区,范围为2.1～2.8倍洞径;通过分析隧道衬砌沿进深方向的动力响应规律,建议黄土隧道洞口段抗震设防长度最小值为3倍洞径。