利用走时和波形拟合迭代反演阿拉善地壳速度结构及2015年阿拉善左旗5.8级地震震源机制

据中国地震台网测定,北京时间2015年4月15日15时39分,在内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗（39.8°N,106.3°E）发生M_S5.8地震,震源深度为10 km.地震发生后多家机构对其开展了研究,本文使用喜马拉雅Ⅱ期布设在南北地震带北段的台站观测数据,通过走时反演和波形拟合反演的迭代,获得了该地区地壳一维速度结构,接着利用直达P波观测与理论走时差对震中位置重定位,然后反演地震的最佳双力偶解以及震源深度,最终得到了区域速度结构、地震的三维坐标、发震时刻以及震源机制解.结果显示,此次地震发生于世界时2015年4月15日7时39分26.718s,震中（39.7663°N,106.4304°E）,震源矩心深度18 km,矩震级M_W5.25,节面Ⅰ走向176°,倾角85°,滑动角-180°,节面Ⅱ走向86°,倾角90°,滑动角-5°.结合该区域断裂带构造运动分析,本文认为此次地震是左旋走滑破裂,略带正断分量,断层面是节面Ⅱ,走向为NEE（近E-W）向,发震构造为震中附近的E-W向隐伏断裂.     

An automated cross‐validation method to assess seismic time‐to‐depth conversion accuracy: a case study on the Cooper and Eromanga basins,Australia

Selecting a seismic time‐to‐depth conversion method can be a subjective choice that is made by geophysicists, and is particularly difficult if the accuracy of these methods is unknown. This study presents an automated statistical approach for assessing seismic time‐to‐depth conversion accuracy by integrating the cross‐validation method with four commonly used seismic time‐to‐depth conversion methods. To showcase this automated approach, we use a regional dataset from the Cooper and Eromanga basins, Australia, consisting of 13 three‐dimensional (3D) seismic surveys, 73 two‐way‐time surface grids and 729 wells. Approximately 10,000 error values (predicted depth vs. measured well depth) and associated variables were calculated. The average velocity method was the most accurate overall (7.6 m mean error); however, the most accurate method and the expected error changed by several metres depending on the combination and value of the most significant variables. Cluster analysis tested the significance of the associated variables to find that the seismic survey location (potentially related to local geology (i.e. sedimentology, structural geology, cementation, pore pressure, etc.), processing workflow, or seismic vintage), formation (potentially associated with reduced signal‐to‐noise with increasing depth or the changes in lithology), distance to the nearest well control, and the spatial location of the predicted well relative to the existing well data envelope had the largest impact on accuracy. Importantly, the effect of these significant variables on accuracy were found to be more important than choosing between the four methods, highlighting the importance of better understanding seismic time‐to‐depth conversions, which can be achieved by applying this automated cross‐validation method.     

地震放大效应与地下地质结构——龙门山山前玉皇观区域观测数据分析

通过布置于龙门山断裂带中段、龙门山山前玉皇观区域的地震观测台站阵列接收地震数据,研究该区域的地震动放大效应和地下地质结构.观测阵列共10台宽频带地震仪,分布在玉皇观河口冲积扇区域.分别采用参考场址谱比法(RSSR)和HV谱比法(HVSR)计算64个高信噪比近震数据的振幅谱比函数,结果显示在玉皇观区域具有较明显的地震动放大效应,并且局部场址效应显著.以S06场址为例,建立近地表地震地质模型,通过SH波放大效应正演模拟研究该场址的地震动放大模式.RSSR与HVSR的结果表明,两者所计算的场址放大效应主频一致,但是HVSR的放大峰值却比RSSR的放大峰值大一倍左右,表明HVSR的结果可能包含了波场在近地表低速层之下传播路径的改造作用.另外,采用27个远震P波的接收函数计算了该区域地壳上地幔S波速度结构.接收函数研究结果显示玉皇观地区的莫霍面深度为44 km,沉积盖层、结晶地壳和上地幔的S波速度分别为2.5 km·s~(-1)、3.5 km·s~(-1)和4.5 km·s~(-1).观测阵列台站之间的接收函数反演结果一致性较好,说明本研究区域范围内地形地貌等近地表结构因素的相对变化对接收函数的影响不大.     

海洋短排列高分辨率多道地震高精度成像关键技术

基于高频震源的海洋短排列、高分辨率多道地震探测方法,具有主频高、频带宽的特点,是海底浅层地质研究,特别是海洋天然气水合物调查等方面的重要手段.针对这种地震探测方法不能有效控制电缆沉放深度、虚反射干扰严重且规律性差以及速度分析精度低带来的成像效果差等问题,研究了基于虚反射走时识别与模拟计算的电缆沉放深度计算方法,获得了检波点的准确沉放深度,为虚反射的有效压制提供了保障;采用基于相似性原理的排列长度放大技术,有效地解决了排列长度较短引起的速度谱能量团不聚焦的问题,提高了速度分析灵敏度,确保了地震资料成像处理精度.实际资料的最终成像处理结果表明,地震波组的信噪比和分辨率高,速度结构合理,BSR特征清晰,为海洋天然气水合物的识别和研究提供了高品质资料.     

远震接收函数确定的鄂尔多斯西部及邻区Moho面性质和构造意义

基于呈南北向线性分布且穿过鄂尔多斯地块的129个流动台站远震记录,获取了20267条远震P波接收函数.通过叠加转换点相同的接收函数,提取了可靠的P-S一次转换波和多次波到时,进而确定了南北向横跨鄂尔多斯地块剖面的地壳厚度与波速比分布.同时,利用单台速度-密度跃变(δβ-δρ)扫描叠加方法确定了Moho面速度和密度跃变.结果显示:秦岭—渭河盆地下方具有较薄地壳、低波速比(1.66～1.72)以及相对较小的密度跃变(4%～10%),表明该区域地壳主要以长英质酸性岩石为主,引起该现象的主要原因可能是下地壳拆沉;鄂尔多斯南部地壳较厚(41.4±1.3km)、波速比较高、速度跃变相对较小(14%～23%),主要原因可能由青藏高原的挤压增厚导致;鄂尔多斯北部波速比较高(1.87)、速度跃变较大(19%～29%)、密度跃变较小,推测鄂尔多斯北部下地壳发生部分熔融,较大波速比可能是部分熔融与沉积层共同导致的结果.     

Analysis of attenuation and dispersion of propagating wave due to the coexistence of three fluid phases in the pore volume

In exploration geophysics, the efforts to extract subsurface information from wave characteristics exceedingly depend on the construction of suitable rock physics model. Analysis of different rock physics models reveals that the strength and magnitude of attenuation and dispersion of propagating wave exceedingly depend on wave-induced fluid flow at multiple scales. In current work, a comprehensive analysis of wave attenuation and velocity dispersion is carried out at broad frequency range. Our methodology is based on Biot's poroelastic relations, by which variations in wave characteristics associated with wave-induced fluid flow due to the coexistence of three fluid phases in the pore volume is estimated. In contrast to the results of previous research, our results indicate the occurrence of two-time pore pressure relaxation phenomenon at the interface between fluids of disparate nature, that is, different bulk modulus, viscosity and density. Also, the obtained results are compatible with numerical results for the same 1D model which are accounted using Biot's poroelastic and quasi-static equation in frequency domain. Moreover, the effects of change in saturation of three-phase fluids were also computed which is the key task for geophysicist. The outcomes of our research reveal that pore pressure relaxation phenomenon significantly depends on the saturation of distinct fluids and the order of saturating fluids. It is also concluded that the change in the saturation of three-phase fluid significantly influences the characteristics of the seismic wave. The analysis of obtained results indicates that our proposed approach is a useful tool for quantification, identification and discrimination of different fluid phases. Moreover, our proposed approach improves the accuracy to predict dispersive behaviour of propagating wave at sub-seismic and seismic frequencies.     

Triplications for the converted wave in transversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis

In seismic data processing, serious problems could be caused by the existence of triplication and need to be treated properly for tomography and other inversion methods. The triplication in transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis has been well studied and concluded that the triplicated traveltime only occurs for S wave and there is no triplication for P and converted PS waves since the P wave convexity slowness always compensates the S wave slowness concavity. Compared with the vertical symmetry axis model, the research of the triplication in transversely isotropic medium with a tilted symmetry axis is still keeping blank. In order to analyse the triplication for the converted wave in the tilted symmetry axis model, we examine the traveltime of the triplication from the curvature of averaged P and S wave slowness. Three models are defined and tested in the numerical examples to illustrate the behaviour of the tilted symmetry axis model for the triplicated traveltime with the change of the rotation angle. Since the orientation of an interface is related to the orientation of the symmetry axis, the triplicated traveltime is encountered for the converted wave in the tilted symmetry axis model assuming interfaces to be planar and horizontal. The triplicated region is influenced by the place and level of the concave curvature of the P and S wave slowness.     

Formation of the salinity minimum in the Mixed Water Region between the Oyashio and Kuroshio Fronts

The salinity minimum frequently occurring in the Mixed Water Region between the Oyashio and Kuroshio Fronts seems to originate from the salinity minimum at the density of 26.8σ_θ called the North Pacific Intermediate Water. We examined water exchange of this region with the Oyashio and the Kuroshio Extension using mixing ratio R_K defined as (θ - θ_OY)/(θ_K - θ_OY) × 100, where θ_OY, θ_K, and θ represent potential temperature of the Oyashio and Kuroshio Waters and their mixture on the isopycnal surfaces, respectively. CTD data were obtained by repeated observation from January 1990 to May 1991. R_K increases southward from the Oyashio Front to the Kuroshio Front with the range of −20 to 120%. The gradient of R_K on the isopycnal surfaces is large around the Oyashio Front above the 26.8σ_θ surface, while it is large around the Kuroshio Front below it. This agrees with the average R_K in the Mixed Water Region decreasing greatly with the increase of density at densities less dense than 26.8σ_θ. We calculated thickness and volume transport of the Oyashio between the isopycnal surfaces near the coast of Hokkaido. They increase largely with density at densities less dense than 26.8σ_θ. It is supposed that the salinity minimum in the Mixed Water Region is the upper limit of the water largely influenced by the Oyashio Water. Its density could depend only on the density structure of the Oyashio.     

Subsea pipeline walking with velocity dependent seabed friction

With the increase in demand and supply gap in the oil and gas industry, new developments of oil and gasinfrastructure are moving into deeper water. This requires design and construction of long high temperature and high pressure pipelines from deep sea to shore. These pipelines are subjected to cyclic expansion during operating cycles. Accumulated axial movement due to repeated thermal cycles may lead to global displacement referred to as ‘walking’. Walking rates depend on the restraint associated with seabed friction. In conventional analyses, seabed friction is independent of the rate of thermal loading and expansion but it has been recognised that the sliding resistance between a pipe and the seabed varies with velocity, partly due to drainage effects. In this paper a numerical model is used to explore the effect of velocity-dependent seabed friction. A velocity-dependent friction model is implemented in commercial software ABAQUS and validated via single element and simple (flat seabed) pipeline cases. This model features upper and lower friction limits, with a transition that occurs as an exponential function of velocity. A parametric study is performed using differing rates of heating and cool-down in walking situations driven by seabed slope, SCR end tension and the difference between heat up and cool down rates. The walking behaviour is compared to cases with constant friction and solutions are proposed to express the velocity-dependent response in terms of an equivalent constant friction. These equivalent friction values can then be applied in existing simple solutions or more complex numerical analyses, as a short cut method to account for velocity-dependent friction.     

黄鳍棘鲷微卫星标记开发及其在鲷科鱼类中的跨物种扩增

采用基于高通量测序平台的SLAF-seq技术,开发出47个高多态性的黄鳍棘鲷(Acanthopagrus latus)微卫星标记,其中二碱基重复位点17个,三至六碱基重复位点30个。各位点的等位基因数为2～27(均值为10),观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0. 156～0. 938(均值为0. 682)和0. 177～0. 963(均值为0. 741),多态信息含量(PIC)为0. 166～0. 946(均值为0. 705)。经Bonferroni校正后,有43个位点符合哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE),其余4个位点偏离HWE。这些多态性微卫星标记为黄鳍棘鲷遗传资源研究提供新的有效分子标记。跨物种扩增结果显示,共有31个黄鳍棘鲷微卫星标记可在9种鲷科鱼类中成功扩增。其中17个标记在太平洋棘鲷(Acanthopagrus pacificus)、黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)和澳洲棘鲷(Acanthopagrus australis)中具有较好的通用性,这些标记可为棘鲷属(Acanthopagrus)的系统进化和种群遗传学分析提供新的标记来源;另有3个标记在二长棘梨齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)、真赤鲷(Pagrus major)、蓝点赤鲷(Pagrus caeruleostictus)及黄牙鲷(Dentex hypselosomus)中具有通用性。