利用层析成象结果研究渤海及其邻区b值的时空变化

本文利用渤海及其邻区（１１５．０°－１２４．０°Ｅ，３６．０°－４２．０°Ｎ）三维速度结构的最新成果，探讨了该区的ｂ值分布。研究发现：高、低速区的ｂ值各有特点，明显地与速度结构直接相关；京津、渤海地壳高速区内的ｂ值较低（０．６７，０．７８），而冀辽、冀东低速区内的ｂ值较高（０．８５，０．９１）；海城、唐山大震前的ｂ值异常只局限于震中附近，均未波及渤海，似被低速带所阻；而冀辽、冀东低速区ｂ值曲线的呼应则似与低速带的展布有关；渤中地区２０余年来的ｂ值一直都很稳定，但京西北在唐山大震后出现了ｂ值异常。     

Subglacial observations from øksfjordjøkelen,North Norway

Stepped bedrock topography at the snout of a small outlet glacier from Øksfjordjøkelen, North Norway, produces an extensive subglacial cavity system which stretches some 70m across and 100m up-glacier, giving access beneath ice ≤50 m thick. Inside the cavity, regelation ice, clean glacier ice and deforming basal ice have been observed. Samples were taken and basal debris concentrations at the glacier sole were found to vary between 0.005 and 15.38 per cent by volume. The basal ice velocity has been determined using a linear variable differential transformer attached to an analogue recorder, and also by means of measured displacements of ice crews and clasts embedded in the basal ice. Velocities were found to differ both spatially and temporally from a maximum of 2.55 mm h¹ to a minimum of 0.3 mm h^?1. The measurements and observations, which have been related to present theory, show how spatially averaged values for a number of variables could lead to inaccuracies in predicted erosion values, certainly at a local scale. On the exposed foreland, jointcontrolled lee-side faces provide evidence for extensive subglacial plucking (here taken to mean the removal of preloosened bed material and/or material resulting from bed failure). Indeed, in the cavity the early stages of removal of joint-controlled blocks by ice deformation along joints have been observed. The importance of debris-rich basal ice is shown in the formation of large striations (up to 500cm × 16cm × 2cm) present on the foreland.     

Tsunami ascending in rivers as an undular bore

At time of the 1983 Japan Sea tsunami, waves in the form of a bore ascended many rivers. In some cases, bores had the form of one initial wave with a train of smaller waves, and in other cases, such a wave train did not appear and only a step with a flat water surface behind was observed. In the present study, it is clarified that both undular-type and nonundular-type bores can be recognized as solutions of the KdV-Burger's equation which was introduced by Johnson in 1972. Numerically obtained analytical solutions and results of laboratory experiments are compared.     

The crust and upper mantle structure beneath southern Italy by earthquakes and DSS data

This paper describes a travel—time analysis performed for the Italian seismic stations, in particular those operating in southern Italy, in order to study the crust and upper mantle properties in the region. Average P-wave residuals of teleseisms in the distance range 30°–95° with respect to Jeffreys-Bullen tables, at thirteen permanent and temporary stations of southern Italy, are coherent with a high velocity zone beneath Calabria and northern Sicily and low velocity material in the mantle beneath the Eolian Islands. Travel—time residuals from Tyrrhenian intermediate earthquakes show a high velocity structure which extends in a NW direction from a depth of at least 200 km down to 450 km.A damped least-squares inversion applied to DSS data confirms the existence of low velocity zones in the crust beneath the Eolian Islands, at 8–12 km depth, that agrees with previous results and with the lack of S waves from local earthquakes.Publication No. 193, Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, CNR-Roma.     

渡口及其邻近地区地壳浅层结构的研究

为了研究攀枝花-西昌构造带的地壳与上地幔顶部结构,在西起丽江东至者海全长350km的测线上进行了爆炸地震探测。本文利用所取得的六条地震记录剖面的P_g波组,研究测线下方地壳浅层结构。采用层状垂直梯度和横向不均匀模型,用理论走时和射线追踪方法来拟合实测P_g走时资料。得到深度为10km范围的地壳浅层结构和速度分布。 结果表明,该区地表P波速度以渡口至华坪一带为最高,达6.00km/s。向东西两侧逐步减小,东至者海为5.20km/s,西至丽江降为3.50km/s。局部地段因构造影响速度值有些起伏。从浅层结构和速度分布可见,该区存在箐河-程海、绿汁江、安宁河和甘洛-小江等深断裂带,并向地壳深部延伸。等速度线图表明,该区上地壳中有一高速岩体存在。攀枝花钒、钛、铁矿的富集以及其他热液型矿床的分布很可能与此有关。     

甘肃地区地壳速度的非均匀分布

用天然地方震以及近震Ｐ、Ｓ波到时资料反演了甘肃７个分区的地壳结构。其速度非均匀分布表明：就垂向非均匀性而言，河西大于河东，海原、古浪两个８级大震区大于周围地区，横向非均匀性正好相反，但无论垂向还是横向非均匀性都是上地壳（大约以１９ｋｍ深度为界）大于中下地壳；青藏块体东北缘速度自ＳＳＷ向ＮＮＥ的东北角规则变化，上中地壳（约以３０ｋｍ深度为界）内沿该方向递减，下地壳及上地幔顶部递增；横向非均匀性以低速区带为主，大致沿祁连山断裂系向ＳＳＥ直到兰州附近，再沿近ＮＳ向到舟曲武都，中间与近ＥＷ向直到康乐和政的西秦岭北缘断裂低速带交接，高速区主要在嘉峪关、玉门以北，景泰附近及兰州以南等处；中强以上地震不仅在低速区带发生，而且也在高速区及其它地方发生，两个８级大震震源区速度在研究区中地壳内为最低，要注意兰州附近及张掖民乐地区可能潜在的强震危险区。     

天山造山带地壳结构与构造──乌鲁木齐─库尔勒地震转换波测深剖面

沿乌鲁木齐－库尔勒３５０余公里长的测线上完成了穿越天山的地震转换波野外观测，得出天山造山带的深部构造剖面图和壳内Ｐ，Ｓ波速度结构模型．天山的结晶地壳可分为４层，各层的速度分别是：Ｖｐ值为５．９，６．３，６．６，６．９ｋｍ／ｓ；Ｖｓ值为３．２，３．５，３．７，３．９ｋｍ／ｓ。上地幔顶部的波速：Ｖｐ值为８．１０ｋｍ／ｓ。Ｖｓ值为４．６ｋｍ／ｓ。天山地区的地壳厚度为４２－５６ｋｍ，中天山最厚，达到５０－５６ｋｍ。地壳中部存在低速透镜体。探测结果表明，天山大地构造可分为北天山、中天山和南天山３个区，其地壳深部构造特征各不相同。用颤动构造理论来解释天山造山带的形成机制和演化较板块构造理论更为合理。     

The influence of local fluid flow and the microstructure on elastic and anelastic rock properties

The frequency dependent mechanism of local fluid flow was found to be the decisive absorption and dispersion mechanism in fluid containing sandstones. In the ultrasonic frequency range local fluid flow and grain surface effects control the behaviour of highly porous and highly permeable rock if a pore fluid is present. Both mechanisms depend less on macroscopic rock parameters like porosity and permeability than essentially on microscopic parameters like crack size, crack density and grain contact properties. To demonstrate directly the important influence of the microstructure on the rock elastic and anelastic properties the microstructure of a sandstone was artificially changed by thermal cracking. The cracked rock exhibits a clearly changed behaviour at low uniaxial as well as at high hydrostatic pressure despite small changes of porosity and permeability. Fluid effects increase due to cracking. The experimental results are explained by means of a rock, model and local fluid flow. These results emphasize that it is the microstructure which controls the elastic and anelastic rock behaviour, even at high hydrostatic pressure.     

Site amplification of S-waves in Bursa City and its vicinity, Northwestern Turkey: comparison of different approaches

Microearthquake recordings of local events have been used to quantify the site effects in the vicinity of Bursa City, northwest Turkey. Since the city is located near the southwest branch of the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) zone, the importance of the seismic hazard in the region becomes progressively more important. The accelerograms of 69 earthquakes that were recorded on different geologic units, massive limestone, slope deposit and Quaternary sediment were analyzed to estimate the response of the recording sites. Site amplification functions were obtained by using three different approaches (standard spectral ratio, SSR; horizontal to vertical, H/V ratio and generalized inversion method, GIM) and the differences between the methods were also evaluated. We found large discrepancies between the SSR and H/V ratio methods, specifically; the former yields almost three times higher amplitudes than those obtained in the latter approach. Station located within the Bursa Quaternary basin (SCKR) is characterized by the largest estimates of the amplification amplitudes (8.0, 4.5 and 4.0 for SSR, H/V ratio and GIM, respectively) in all the three methods. On the other hand, stations located on deep limestone geological unit (SIGD and SKAY) show the least amplification level, ranging between 1.0 and 1.6. Three methods are able to identify resonant frequencies of the sites, although the absolute amplitudes of the amplification function are obtained different from each method.     

Site amplification in lava rock on soft sediments

Seismicity and volcanic activity in Iceland are related to the Mid-Atlantic plate boundary that crosses the island. Due to volcanic activity, different sea levels through the ages and glacial drift, the geology in Iceland is quite complex at many sites. In June 2000, two major earthquakes of magnitude 6.6 (M_w) and 6.5 (M_w) occurred in southern Iceland. Ground motion from these main shocks and a number of aftershocks were recorded at the Icelandic strong motion network operated by the University of Iceland. At one of the instrumented sites considerable amplification was recorded on lava-rock overlying alluvial deposits. This site fits poorly in the soil classification systems of most earthquake codes. In this paper the recorded data is analyzed with different methods and the results are compared with the results of a one-dimensional site response analysis. The different methods produce the same characteristic of soil amplification at the site. The findings of this study have important implications for design criteria for sites with similar geology.