乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征初步研究

利用2010年2月乌鲁木齐大气成分观测站黒碳仪观测数据,结合散射系数及常规观测资料,对乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征进行了分析,并通过气流后向轨迹进行了来源分析。结果表明：(1)观测期间BC质量浓度日平均值为12707±4673 ng.m-3,浓度变化范围为4916~22997 ng.m-3,散射系数日均值为1086±561Mm-1,变化范围为350~2232 Mm-1。BC质量浓度和散射系数日均值变化趋势基本一致;(2)BC质量浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值,峰值分别出现在9~11时和20~22时,谷值分别出现在4~6时和16~18时,散射系数与BC质量浓度日变化趋势基本一致,相对其有一定的滞后。春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气污染物浓度上升有明显作用,显著影响BC质量浓度日变化规律;(3)乌鲁木齐冬季大气层结稳定,污染物不易扩散,风速和降水对黑碳气溶胶浓度具有明显的稀释作用。在乌鲁木齐特殊的地形和气象条件下,本地源排放与来自周边城市群污染物输送的叠加使得污染更加严重。     

近55年来宾市雷暴日数特征分析

采用1956～2010年广西来宾市国家基本气象站常规地面气象观测资料,对雷暴日数特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,来宾市年雷暴日数在46～106d,年平均雷暴日数为72．4d;来宾市一年中任何一天都有可能出现雷暴天气,其中6、7、8月雷暴日数最多,约占全年雷暴日数的57．4％。小波分析显示,来宾年雷暴活动具有较强的9年周期...     

Landscape pattern and transition under natural and anthropogenic disturbance in an arid region of northwestern China

There is a pressing need to determine the relationships between driving variables and landscape transformations. Human activities shape landscapes and turn them into complex assemblages of highly diverse structures. Other factors, including climate and topography, also play significant roles in landscape transitions, and identifying the interactions among the variables is critical to environmental management. This study analyzed the configurations and spatial-temporal processes of landscape changes from 1998 to 2011 under different anthropogenic disturbances, identified the main variables that determine the landscape patterns and transitions, and quantified the relationships between pairs of driver sets. Landsat images of Baicheng and Tekes from 1998, 2006 and 2011 were used to classify landscapes by supervised classification. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning were performed to identify the main driving forces and to quantify the unique, shared, and total explained variation of the sets of variables. The results indicate that the proportions of otherwise identical landscapes in Baicheng and Tekes were very different. The area of the grassland in Tekes was much larger than that of the cropland; however, the differences between the grassland and cropland in Baicheng were not as pronounced. Much of the grassland in Tekes was located in an area that was near residents, whereas most of the grassland in Baicheng was far from residents. The slope, elevation, annual precipitation, annual temperature, and distance to the nearest resident were strong driving forces influencing the patterns and transitions of the landscapes. The results of the variation partitioning indicated complex interrelationships among all of the pairs of driver sets. All of the variable sets had significant explanatory roles, most of which had both unique and shared variations with the others. The results of this study can assist policy makers and planners in implementing sustainable landscape management and effective protection strategies.     

1970—2000年青藏高原内流区冰川储量变化的初探

青藏高原内流区特殊的地理位置和自然环境使得对本区域冰川体积变化的研究相比中国西部其他冰川发育区难度大很多.而作为本区域重要水源补给,同时又是区域气候变化重要指示器的冰川,其储量的变化又是迫切需要获知的信息.在此前提下,本文基于RS、GIS技术平台提取了本区域冰川面积变化数据,并结合冰川目录数据、本区域冰川面积变化的研究资料,采用冰川体积与面积之间的统计关系模型,探讨了本区域冰川自1970年至2000年的体积变化.结果表明在这30年间,区域内冰川体积大约减少了36.25亿m3,相比整个高亚洲区域的冰川退缩速度,本区域冰川的退缩表现的更缓慢.然后,对内流区6个二级流域的冰川体积变化做了详细的对比分析,发现整个内流区冰川体积变化有较大的区域差别：其中5Z3流域冰川体积的退缩率最大,年均退缩率达-11.19%,而变化最小的5Z1流域年均变化率仅为-0.79%.各二级流域在体积变化方面的相同点是,体积退缩率均大于面积退缩率.通过对冰川面积、体积变化特点及其原因的分析,认为气候变化的区域差异是该区域内各二级流域冰川变化存在差异的主要原因.最后根据本文得到的结果,讨论了冰川体积变化对本区域的生态环境造成的影响.     

地震过程中的大地电场变化特征

根据国产ZD9A型大地电场仪在宝低地电台的记录结果,研究了1998年1月10日河北省张北地区6．2级地震过程中的大地电场变化特征．主要表现为：1．震前36天至发震当日出现大地电场日变异常簇;2．地震前后大地电场E的方位发生转动;3、大地电场E具有日变倍9（天）周期性和振幅｜E｜变化特征;4大地电场EW分量的极性变化．根据对这些特征的分析结果表明,它们有可能做为孕震进入短临阶段的前兆信息及识别标志．     

山西夏县中心地震台大地电场观测数据变化特征初探

处理、分析近年来山西夏县地震台大地电场观测数据发现,该台地电场正常日变化形态呈现"双峰双谷"特征;存在"单谷单峰"的年变化特征;对地磁暴反应明显;对山西地震带距台站300 km范围内发生的较强地震,震前存在较为明显的异常信息。该研究为正确分析、运用夏县台大地电场观测数据提供基础。     

Macrozoobenthic community structure in a large shallow lake: Disentangling the effect of eutrophication and wind-wave disturbance

Biological communities in shallow lakes are often subject to the combined effects of eutrophication and wind-wave disturbance. However, their relative importance in regulating macrozoobenthic community assembly has not been well addressed. In the present study, a monthly sampling of macrozoobenthos and environmental parameters was conducted at ten sites from December 2012 to November 2013 in Lake Hongze, the fourth largest freshwater lake in China, which has undergone serious water quality deterioration over the past few decades. A total of 30 taxa were recorded during the 12 sampling occasions, including 6 chironomids, 6 bivalves, 4 gastropods, 4 oligochaetes, 4 polychaetes, 4 crustaceans and 2 other aquatic insects. The mean abundance and biomass of total macrozoobenthos varied greatly among the ten sites and presented distinctive taxonomic composition between the protected bays and the offshore zone. Three eutrophication parameters (including permanganate index (COD_Mn), chlorophyll a, and total phosphorus in surficial sediments) and three wind-wave variables (including Secchi depth, turbidity, and mean effective fetch) were highly related to spatial variation of macrozoobenthic assemblages. When eutrophication variables were controlled, there was a significant correlation between community similarity and wind-wave disturbance condition, and vice versa. Variation partitioning showed that wind wave disturbance explained 15.9% of the variation in benthic community composition, slightly lower than that explained by eutrophication (17.9%). These results indicate that wind-wave disturbance is as important as eutrophication in regulating benthic community structure in this large shallow lake. Wind-wave disturbance imposed opposite effects on benthic community relative to eutrophication, and were more prominent in the offshore zone weakening the role of eutrophication.     

河北省地倾斜观测资料干扰因素分析

在分析研究地倾斜观测资料时,为反映观测曲线的真实变化,需要剔除干扰因素的影响。该文通过整理分析河北省水平摆、垂直摆、水管仪等地倾斜观测资料,将河北省地倾斜干扰因素主要分为观测系统类干扰、观测环境类干扰以及气象因素类干扰。其干扰形态主要表现为变化趋势转折、变化速率改变、固体潮畸变、台阶、毛刺和突跳变化。     

Statistics on the vertical structure of rainshowers

A large sample of summertime data from the McGill Radar Weather Observatory was analyzed to determine the variation with altitude of the horizontal extent of individual rainshowers. For echoes defined by a reflectivity factor of 39 dBz (equivalent to a rainfall rate of about 10 mm/h) it was found that the mean area of the total population of echoes decreases linearly with altitude from approximately 20 km² at 2 km to 11 km² at 8 km. Subsets of the total population were investigated, consisting of only the echoes penetrating the altitudes of 6, 7, and 8 km. On the average these relatively tall echoes are much greater in horizontal extent than the total population. Whereas the sizes of the total population of echoes at any altitude are distributed approximately exponentially in terms of the square root of area, the sizes of the “survivors” that extend to high altitudes may be described by the gamma distribution with a mean value decreasing approximately linearly with height above 3 km and a dispersion of 0.55. Some characteristics are also reported for echoes defined by reflectivities of 31 dBz and 47 dBz. Estimates are given of the fraction of the total area in a horizontal plane that contains echoes in each of these categories.     

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Greek Freshwaters, 1987—2000: Occurrence,Toxicity, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Region

In a survey in Greece from 1987 to 2000 hepatotoxic cyanobacterial blooms were observed in 9 out of 33 freshwaters. Microcystins (MCYSTs) were detected by HPLC in 7 of these lakes, and the total MCYST concentration per scum dry weight ranged from 50.3 to 1638 ± 464 μg g^—1. Cyanobacterial genera (Microcystis, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis) with known toxin producing taxa were present in 31 freshwaters. From our data and a review of the literature, it would appear that Mediterranean countries are more likely 1) to have toxic cyanobacterial blooms consisting of Microcystis spp. and 2) to have higher intracellular MCYST concentrations. A case study in Lake Kastoria is used to highlight seasonal patterns of cyanobacterial and MCYST‐LR occurrence and to assess cyanotoxin risk. Cyanobacterial biovolume was high (> 11 μL L^—1) throughout the year and was in excess of Guidance Level 2 (10 μL L^—1) proposed by WHO for recreational waters and Alert Level 2 for drinking water. Further, surface water samples from April to November exceeded Guidance Level 3, with the potential for acute cyanobacterial poisoning. Intracellular MCYST‐LR concentrations (max 3186 μg L^—1) exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water (1 μg L^—1) from September to November with a high risk of adverse health effects. Preliminary evidence indicates that in 3 lakes microcystins are accumulated in some aquatic organisms. Generally, a high risk level can be deduced from the data for the Mediterranean region.