科科斯脊玄武岩斜长石矿物化学及地质意义

综合大洋钻探计划(IODP) 334和344航次在U1381站位处的两个钻孔(A孔和C孔)获得了中美洲西海岸外科科斯脊基底拉斑玄武岩,对其岩浆过程开展研究可为理解其岩石成因提供重要依据。本文对科科斯脊玄武岩中斜长石斑晶和微晶进行了详细的原位主微量元素分析,结果表明,斜长石种属为培长石、拉长石及少量中长石。部分斜长石斑晶具有正环带结构;但多数斜长石斑晶不具有明显环带,仅从核部到边部存在微弱的成分变化。斜长石斑晶与微晶的微量元素差别较大:斜长石斑晶富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素,且具有明显的Eu正异常;斜长石微晶不相容元素含量通常高于斜长石斑晶。根据斜长石温度计计算获得斜长石斑晶结晶温度为1 050～1 253℃,斜长石微晶结晶温度为866～1 033℃。基于以上特征,推测斜长石斑晶核部是相对原始岩浆的产物,而斑晶边部以及微晶是演化岩浆的结晶产物。斜长石斑晶的成分变化及熔蚀麻点结构是由于岩浆补给及岩浆减压上升造成的。最后,本研究推测科科斯脊基底玄武岩来自于开放的岩浆房,且岩浆房内可能存在原始岩浆的不断注入及岩浆对流。     

西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区蚀变岩岩石学特征及对热液流体循环的指示

慢速-超慢速扩张洋脊的海底热液活动区多出露类型多样的蚀变岩石,记录了地壳深部的流体与围岩的相互作用,为研究深部热液流体特征以及循环过程提供了样本。本研究选取了中国大洋第30、34和40航次在超慢速扩张西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区(A区、B区和C区)利用电视抓斗采集的蚀变玄武岩、蚀变辉长岩、蚀变辉石岩和蛇纹岩等蚀变岩样品,利用光学显微镜、电子探针开展了岩相学和矿物化学分析。岩相学结果表明,龙旂热液区蚀变岩石样品约95%发生了地壳浅部的脆性变形作用,靠近龙旂1号热液区(A区)约有5%的蚀变岩石混合发育了脆性变形及脆性-塑性变形特征。研究区岩石蚀变属于中-低温变质作用,变质相近似绿片岩相,变质矿物组合为绿泥石-绿帘石-钠长石-阳起石-榍石。其中,A区的蚀变岩中的绿泥石形成温度(201～341℃)以及蛇纹石、阳起石、绿泥石等蚀变矿物的Fe元素含量(17.5%～27.5%)都高于龙旂3号热液区(B区和C区)的绿泥石形成温度(239～303℃)和Fe元素含量(16.8%～26.5%),这也与在该区观测到高温的热液喷口相符合。本研究认为龙旂热液区所在洋脊段发育的拆离断层为热液流体的向上运移提供了通道,洋壳...     

Effect of advective mass transfer on field scale fluid and solute movement: Field and modeling studies at a waste disposal site in fractured rock at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA

Advective mass transfer is a pore scale mass-transfer process that affects fluid and solute movement between pore domains such as fracture and matrix in a structured porous medium. Mechanistically similar to advection in the advection-dispersion of solutes in non-structured porous medium, it redistributes solutes by moving solute and solvent simultaneously between pore domains. While there is much research on diffusive mass transfer that is often referred to as matrix diffusion, there is a lack of information and study for advective mass transfer in the literature. The objective of this research is to study the effects of advective mass transfer on fluid and solute movement between pore domains. First, field hydraulic measurements at a waste disposal site in fractured rock at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee, USA, are used to calibrate a fracture-matrix, two-pore-domain groundwater flow model. Latin-hypercube sensitivity analysis suggests that the uncertainty of the calibrated model parameters is small and the calibrated flow model is nearly the optimal. Fracture spacing thus obtained is used to calculate diffusive mass transfer coefficients. The individual effects of advective and diffusive mass transfer on solute movement are then quantitatively evaluated. The calculations indicate that pore structure conceptual models may significantly affect the role of advective mass transfer in field and pore-scale mass transfer. In the particular ORNL field site and with a fracture-matrix pore structure model, contribution of advective mass transfer to solute mass movement is about three to eight orders of magnitude smaller than that of diffusive mass transfer.

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Resumen La transferencia de masa advectiva es un proceso de transferencia de masa en escala intersticial que afecta el movimiento de fluido y soluto entre ámbitos porosos tal como fractura y matriz en un medio estructurado poroso. Este proceso, mecánicamente similar a la advección en la dispersión-advección de solutos de medios porosos no estructurados, redistribuye los solutos mediante el movimiento simultáneo de soluto y solvente entre ámbitos porosos. Mientras que existe bastante investigación en transferencia difusiva de masa que frecuentemente se conoce como difusión en matriz, existe falta de información y estudio de transferencia advectiva de masa en la literatura. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar los efectos de la transferencia advectiva de masa en el movimiento de fluido y soluto entre ámbitos porosos. Primero se utilizaron mediciones hidráulicas de campo en un sitio de depósito de residuos en roca fracturada en el Laboratorio Nacional Oak Ridge (ORNL), Tennessee, USA, para calibrar un modelo de flujo de agua subterránea de ámbito de dos poros fractura-matriz. Análisis de sensitividad hipercúbico-latino sugieren que la incertidumbre de los parámetros del modelo calibrado es pequeña y que el modelo de flujo calibrado es aproximadamente el óptimo. El espaciamiento de fracturas así obtenido se utiliza para calcular los coeficientes de transferencia de masa difusiva. Luego se evalúa cuantitativamente los efectos individuales de transferencia de masa advectiva y difusiva en el movimiento de soluto. Los cálculos indican que los modelos conceptuales de estructura porosa pueden afectar significativamente el papel de transferencia de masa advectiva en escalas de campo e intersticial de transferencia de masa. En el sitio de campo específico ORNL y con un modelo de estructura porosa de matriz-fractura, la contribución de transferencia de masa advectiva al movimiento de masa soluto es aproximadamente tres a ocho órdenes de magnitud más pequeño que la contribución por transferencia de masa difusiva.

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Résumé Résumé Le transfert advectif de masse est un processus de transfert de masse à léchelle du pore qui affecte les mouvements du fluide et du soluté entre les différents domaines de pores, tel les fractures et la matrice dans un milieu poreux structuré. Mécaniquement similaire à ladvection dans le concept advection-dispersion de solutés dans les milieux non structurés, ce transfert redistribue les solutés simultanément avec le fluide entre les différents domaines poreux. Alors que de nombreuses recherches portent sur les transferts de masse par diffusion, se référant généralement à une diffusion par la matrice, il y a un grand manquement dinformations et détudes sur les transferts de masse par advection dans la littérature. Lobjectif de cette recherche est détudier leffet du transfert advectif de masse de fluide et de soluté entre les différents domaines poreux. Premièrement, les mesures hydrauliques de terrain sur la décharge en milieu fracturé du laboratoire national dOak Ridge ORNL, Tennessee, USA, sont utilisées pour calibrer un modèle hydrogéologique à double porosité fracture-matrice. Lanalyse de sensibilité latin-hypercube suggère que lincertitude sur les paramètres du modèle est faible et que le calibrage est pratiquement optimal. Lespace de fracture résultant permet de calculer les coefficients de transfert de masse par diffusion. Les effets individuels de ladvection et de la diffusion sur les mouvements de solutés sont dés lors évalués. Les calculs indiquent que le modèle conceptuel de la structure des pores peuvent significativement affectés le rôle du transfert advectif de masse à léchelle du pore et du terrain. Dans le cas du site de lORNL et avec un modèle structuré fracture-matrice, la contribution de ladvection au transfert de masse est de lordre de trois-huitième du transfert de masse par diffusion.

     

Extensional faulting and segmentation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Kane Fracture Zone (24° 00′ N to 24° 40′ N)

The combination of multi-beam echo-sounder swath bathymetry and high-resolution deep-towed sidescan sonar provides a powerful database from which to examine mid-ocean ridge processes. We have used such a database, gathered from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Kane Fracture Zone (the MARNOK area), to examine the relationship between tectonic, volcanic, and bathymetric segmentation. We have identified structural domains, with different fault distributions, and neovolcanic segments that are distinct from the 2nd or 3rd order bathymetric segmentation.From their mutual relationships, a model is proposed for the magmatic accretion of oceanic crust at slow spreading ridges that relates the local melt supply to the tectonic style. We suggest that these are mutually interactive, and determine whether volcanic extrusion along the ridge is continuous and slow, or episodic and rapid.     

Bathymetry of the mid-atlantic ridge, 24°-31°N: A map series

This paper presents a series of eleven maps of the bathymetry of a 900 km long section of the crestal region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Along with a twelfth key map, this series defines the morphology of fifteen discrete spreading segments and shows convincingly that no transform faults exist between the Kane and Atlantis fracture zones. The publication of these multi beam bathymetry data with a contour interval of 50 m and at a scale of 30 inches per degree of longitude is intended to allow easy access by a broad community of marine earth scientists to this unique and powerful data set.     

Segmentation and Morphotectonic Variations Along a Super Slow-Spreading Center: The Southwest Indian Ridge (57° E-70° E)

Bathymetric data along the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) between 57°E and 70° E have been used to analyze the characteristics of thesegmentation and the morphotectonic variations along this ridge. Higheraxial volcanic ridges on the SWIR than on the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge(MAR) indicate that the lithosphere beneath the SWIR axis that supportsthese volcanic ridges, is thicker than the lithosphere beneath the MAR. Astronger/thicker lithosphere allows less along-axis melt flow andenhances the large crustal thickness variations due to 3D mantle upwellings.Magmatic processes beneath the SWIR are more focused, producing segmentsthat are shorter (30 km mean length) with higher along-axis relief (1200 mmean amplitude) than on the MAR. The dramatic variations in the length andamplitude of the swells (8–50 km and 500–2300 m respectively),the height of axial volcanic ridges (200–1400 m) and the number ofvolcanoes (5–58) between the different types of segments identifiedon the SWIR presumably reflect large differences in the volume, focusing andtemporal continuity of magmatic upwelling beneath the axis. To the east ofMelville fracture zone (60°42 E), the spreading center isdeeper, the bathymetric undulation of the axial-valley floor is less regularand the number of volcanoes is much lower than to the west. The spreadingsegments are also shorter and have higher along-axis amplitudes than to thewest of Melville fracture zone where segments are morphologically similar tothose observed on the central MAR. The lower magmatic activity together withshorter and higher segments suggest colder mantle temperatures withgenerally reduced and more focused magma supply in the deepest part of thesurvey area between 60°42 E and 70° E. The non-transformdiscontinuities show offsets as large as 70 km and orientations up toN36° E as compared to the N0° E spreading direction. We suggest thatin regions of low or sporadic melt generation, the lithosphere neardiscontinuities is laterally heterogeneous and mechanically unable tosustain focused strike-slip deformation.     

Structure of the Northern Symmetrical Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A seismic refraction profile was shot along the axis of the Northern Symmetrical Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge system. Three models of the along-axis crustal structure fit the observed data equally well. One model includes a low-velocity zone, the top of which is at a depth below the seafloor of approximately 3 km, that is continuous along-axis for at least 30 km. A second model includes a low-Q layer, the top of which is also at a depth of approximately 3 km below the seafloor and is continuous along-axis for at least 30 km. Both the low-Q layer and low-velocity zone can be explained geologically by a region of elevated temperatures. The third model is characterized by a homogeneous seismic layer 3. All models contain an ~1 km s^–1 discontinuity at the seismic layer 2/3 boundary; a wide-angle reflection from this boundary is seen on all record sections. Kappel and Ryan (1986) had previously proposed that the Northern Symmetrical Segment was in a stage of volcanic inactivity, and this theory is supported by the seismic observations. Two-dimensional modelling of travel times to ocean bottom hydrophone instruments shows that the amplitude variations in the along-axis depth to intracrustal seismic layers (a few hundred meters) is on the order of the lateral changes in topographic relief. It is suggested that the crustal emplacement processes reflect the deeper style of 3-D mantle upwelling beneath the ridge.     

The East Pacific Rise and its flanks 8–18° N: History of segmentation,propagation and spreading direction based on SeaMARC II and Sea Beam studies

SeaMARC II and Sea Beam bathymetric data are combined to create a chart of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 8°N to 18°N reaching at least 1 Ma onto the rise flanks in most places. Based on these data as well as SeaMARC II side scan sonar mosaics we offer the following observations and conclusions. The EPR is segmented by ridge axis discontinuities such that the average segment lengths in the area are 360 km for first-order segments, 140 km for second-order segments, 52 km for third-order segments, and 13 km for fourth-order segments. All three first-order discontinuities are transform faults. Where the rise axis is a bathymetric high, second-order discontinuities are overlapping spreading centers (OSCs), usually with a distinctive 3:1 overlap to offset ratio. The off-axis discordant zones created by the OSCs are V-shaped in plan view indicating along axis migration at rates of 40–100 mm yr^–1. The discordant zones consist of discrete abandoned ridge tips and overlap basins within a broad wake of anomalously deep bathymetry and high crustal magnetization. The discordant zones indicate that OSCs have commenced at different times and have migrated in different directions. This rules out any linkage between OSCs and a hot spot reference frame. The spacing of abandoned ridges indicates a recurrence interval for ridge abandonment of 20,000–200,000 yrs for OSCs with an average interval of approximately 100,000 yrs. Where the rise axis is a bathymetric low, the only second-order discontinuity mapped is a right-stepping jog in the axial rift valley. The discordant zone consists of a V-shaped wake of elongated deeps and interlocking ridges, similar to the wakes of second-order discontinuities on slow-spreading ridges. At the second-order segment level, long segments tend to lengthen at the expense of neighboring shorter segments. This can be understood if segments can be approximated by cracks, because the propagation force at a crack tip is directly proportional to crack length.There has been a counter-clockwise change in the direction of spreading on the EPR between 8 and 18° N during the last 1 Ma. The cumulative change has been 3°–6°, producing opening across the Orozco and Siqueiros transform faults and closing across the Clipperton transform. The instantaneous present-day Cocos-Pacific pole is located at approximately 38.4° N, 109.5° W with an angular rotation rate of 2.10° m.y.^–1 This change in spreading direction explains the predominance of right-stepping discontinuities of orders 2–4 along the Siqueiros-Clipperton and Orozco-Rivera segments, but does not explain other aspects of segmentation which are thought to be linked to patterns of melt supply to the ridge axis.There are 23 significant seamount chains in the mapped area and most are created very near the spreading axis. Nearly all of the seamount chains have trends which fall between the absolute and relative plate motion vectors.     

EMRIDGE: The electromagnetic investigation of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

From July to November 1988, a major electromagnetic (EM) experiment, known as EMRIDGE, took place over the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific. It was designed to complement the previous EMSLAB experiment which covered the entire Juan de Fuca Plate, from the spreading ridge to subduction zone. The principal objective of EMRIDGE was to use natural sources of EM induction to investigate the processes of ridge accretion. Magnetotelluric (MT) sounding and Geomagnetic Depth Sounding (GDS) are well suited to the study of the migration and accumulation of melt, hydrothermal circulation, and the thermal evolution of dry lithosphere. Eleven magnetometers and two electrometers were deployed on the seafloor for a period of three months. Simultaneous land-based data were made available from the Victoria Magnetic Observatory, B.C., Canada and from a magnetometer sited in Oregon, U.S.A.Changes in seafloor bathymetry have a major influence on seafloor EM observations as shown by the orientation of the real GDS induction arrows away from the ridge axis and towards the deep ocean. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling, using a thin-sheet algorithm, shows that the observed EM signature of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Blanco Fracture Zone is primarily due to nonuniform EM induction within the ocean, associated with changes in ocean depth. Furthermore, if the influence of the bathymetry is removed from the observations, then no significant conductivity anomaly is required at the ridge axis. The lack of a major anomaly is significant in the light of evidence for almost continuous hydrothermal venting along the neo-volcanic zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: such magmatic activity may be expected to have a distinct electrical conductivity signature, from high temperatures, hydrothermal fluids and possible melt accumulation in the crust.Estimates of seafloor electrical conductivity are made by the MT method, using electric field records at a site 35 km east of the ridge axis, on lithosphere of age 1.2 Ma, and magnetic field records at other seafloor sites. On rotating the MT impedance tensor to the principal axis orientation, significant anisotropy between the major (TE) and minor (TM) apparent resistivities is evident. Phase angles also differ between the principal axis polarisations, and TM phase are greater than 90° at short periods. Thin-sheet modelling suggests that bathymetric changes accounts for some of the observed 3D induction, but two-dimensional (2D) electrical conductivity structure in the crust and upper mantle, aligned with the ridge axis, may also be present. A one-dimensional (1D) inversion of the MT data suggests that the top 50 km of Earth is electrically resistive, and that there is a rise in conductivity at approximately 300 km. A high conductivity layer at 100 km depth is also a feature of the 1D inversion, but its presence is less well constrained.