基于InVEST模型的张承地区水源涵养功能时空变化特征

水源涵养作为重要的生态系统服务功能之一,对张家口和承德地区的生态系统及用水安全有着重要的意义。为了改进以往研究中对地形及土壤渗透性等考虑不足、对数据空间异质性分析不充分等问题,文章基于生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型（integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs,InVEST）,使用多种高精度的遥感、再分析数据等产品,对2001—2020年张承地区的水源涵养功能进行定量化评价及驱动因素分析。研究发现,2001—2020年张承地区水源涵养功能空间分布上呈现坝下高坝上低的特点,各年水源涵养功能的空间分布存在差异性的同时也具有一定的相似性。时间变化上,20年间水源涵养深度以−0.08 mm/a的平均速率呈下降波动趋势。结合Sen+Mann-Kendall分析发现区内水源涵养功能变化趋势以“基本不变”、“轻微增长”、“轻微降低”三者为主,总占比近98%。区内降水量对水源涵养功能具有很强的显著正相关关系,气温对水源涵养功能在部分地区具有显著负相关关系,植被与水源涵养功能的关系相对复杂。张承地区2020年林地的水源涵养功能最强,水源涵养深度达28.64 mm,总量而言,草地水源涵养功能的贡献最大,水源涵养量达1.12×109 m3。20年间变化中,耕地水源涵养量的降低最为明显,变化速率达−6.49×106 m3/a。上述结果说明张承地区20年间水源涵养功能的时空特征主要受到降水量与植被型土地利用的控制。研究为张承地区生态建设及水资源管理提供重要的决策依据。     

甘肃金川矿区古构造应力场恢复及演化研究

金川矿区经历了复杂的构造演化历史,目前其成矿期后的构造变形特征和应力场演化阶段仍缺乏精细剖析。文章运用构造解析方法对金川矿区地表基岩中的断层进行了分期和配套,确定了构造变形序列,认为矿区存在4组重要的断层组合,包括北东向逆冲断层和北西向走滑断层、北东向走滑断层和北西向逆冲断层、北西向正断层以及北东东向走滑断层。通过研究断层破裂面及擦痕构造,利用赤平投影法恢复了断层的古构造应力场,结合区域大地构造演化历史,准确限定了金川矿区成矿期后的应力场演化阶段,对认识区域构造演化和开发新远景区具有重要意义。结果显示,金川矿区在成矿期后经历了4期古构造应力场作用,表现为多阶段不同方向的挤压和伸展过程,分别响应了区域中生代以来的一系列构造热事件,Ⅰ期表现为早—中侏罗世的北西—南东向挤压应力场,Ⅱ期为晚侏罗世的北东—南西向挤压应力场,Ⅲ期为早白垩世的北东—南西向伸展应力场,Ⅳ期为晚白垩世以来的北东—南西向挤压应力场。     

乌鲁木齐南山中山带积雪特征分析

利用1971-2011年乌鲁木齐小渠子气象站资料,对南山中山带40 a来的积雪特征及变化特点进行了分析.结果表明:乌鲁木齐南山中山带平均稳定积雪期为144 d;近40 a来出现的最大积雪深度为57 cm,年最大积雪深度出现在3月下旬的频率最大,平均积雪深度以2月最厚.自20世纪80年代以来出现稳定积雪初日推迟、终日提前、稳定积雪期缩短的趋势.近40 a来最大积雪深度递增趋势主要是由于冬季降水量增加和降雪强度增强所造成;而随着气温的逐渐变暖则造成稳定积雪初日的推迟和终日提前.     

黄河流域经济韧性时空演变与影响因素研究

黄河流域应对外部冲击的经济韧性能力是实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略的关键。以黄河流域91个地市单元为研究对象,构建经济韧性指数,分析了黄河流域面对2008年国际金融危机的经济韧性的时空变化特征,并探究其决定因素。结果发现：① 黄河流域面对国际金融危机的抵抗力随着时间的推移呈现出显著下降的态势,表现出显著的空间集聚特征,黄河流域中南部地区经济韧性水平相对较高;② 黄河流域经济韧性存在显著的正向空间自相关特征,在空间上表现出经济韧性水平高（低）的城市在空间上集聚分布,且空间自相关指数呈现出上升的趋势;③ 相关多样性、专业化、政府管控和第三产业比重均显著的促进黄河流域经济韧性水平提升,而当前经济发展模式不利于经济韧性水平的提升;④ 黄河流域经济韧性具有显著的空间溢出效应,高经济韧性水平城市的发展将促进周边城市经济韧性水平的提升。     

长三角工业经济规模与污染排放异速关系及互动机制

正确处理经济增长与环境污染关系是实现区域高质量发展和构建“双循环”新发展格局的关键问题。本文以2000—2018年长三角地区工业经济规模与工业污染指数为研究对象,构建工业经济规模—污染排放异速增长模型,分析两者关系的时空变化规律,并借助增强回归树模型探究异速增长的影响机制。结果表明：① 长三角地区工业经济规模与工业污染指数空间格局具有较强的稳定性和较高的相似性,呈现出由东向西递减的空间态势;随着工业经济规模的扩大,工业污染指数总体呈下降趋势。② 在纵向异速上,长三角地区总体沿着经济环境基本协调—经济扩张弱型—经济环境基本协调变化;在横向异速上,多数城市工业污染指数相对增速低于工业经济规模增速,标度指数多呈下降趋势。③ 城市生态基础、能源利用效率、工业发展水平、科技发展水平、对外开放水平和财政投入水平是影响异速增长的主导因子,这些因素在前期对异速增长具有正向影响,后期转变为负向影响。④ 经济增长的市场主导与环境保护的政府主导间的错位关系产生经济环境异速增长,并促使区域一体化出现,区域一体化与经济环境异速增长相互促进、相互影响。推动长三角地区经济生态一体化建设,实现绿水青山与金山银山的有机统一,是实现区域高质量发展的必由之路。     

工业用地出让、产业选择与城市空气质量

中国经济增长进入高质量发展阶段以后,传统“以地谋发展”的粗放增长模式弊端渐显,不仅造成了资源的过度消耗,也导致环境污染问题日益严峻。城市发展面临经济增长和环境保护的双重压力。“以地谋发展”背景下,地方政府主导的工业用地出让,在保障工业化快速推进的同时,也带来了一系列区域影响和区域效应,但现有文献缺乏深入研究。基于此,本研究利用2015—2019年284个地级及以上城市的面板数据,通过构建计量模型,实证分析了地方政府主导的工业用地出让对城市空气质量可能带来的影响。研究表明：① 城市工业用地出让规模扩张显著降低了城市空气质量,且这一效应存在空间异质性。② 工业用地出让方式对城市空气质量具有差异性影响,地方政府以协议方式出让的工业用地规模越大,城市的空气质量越差。③ 产业选择可能是工业用地出让影响城市环境质量的内在机制,地方政府倾向于通过协议出让的方式将工业用地供给污染密集型产业,从而导致城市空气质量变差。本研究从产业选择机制的角度试图解释地方政府工业用地出让行为影响城市空气质量的内在机理,是对现有文献的拓展和补充,也可为城市生态文明建设提供一定的政策启示。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Vanishing Farmland Crisis, Critical Views of the Movement to Preserve Agricultural Land . John Baden Protecting Farmlands . Frederick R. Steiner and John E. Theilacker Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems . Peter de V. Booysen and Neil M. Tainton Geography in China . Wu Chuanjun , Wang Nailiang , Lin Chao and Zhao Songqiao Resource Inventory and Baseline Study Methods for Developing Countries . Francis Conant , Peter Rogers , Marion Baumgardner , Cyrus Mc Kell , Raymond Dasmann, and Priscilla Reining Principles of Remote Sensing . Paul J. Curran Famine As A Geographical Phenomenon . Bruce Currey and Graeme Hugo The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area . David E. Dowall Senses of Place . John Eyles Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value . D. K. Forbes and P. J. Rimmer Issues in Wilderness Management . Michael Frome Land-use and Prehistory in South-east Spain , The London Research Series in Geography 8. Antonio Gilman and John B. Thornes with Stephen Wise Regions in Question, Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy . Charles Gore The Colorado River: Instability and Basin Management . William L. Graf Hazardous Waste Sites: The Credibility Gap . Michael R. Greenberg and Richard F. Anderson Peasants, Subsistence Ecology, and Development in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea . Lawrence S. Grossman Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915 Peter B. Hales Silicon Landscapes . Peter Hall and Ann Markusen Remaking Ibieca: Rural Life in Aragon under Franco . Susan F. Harding The European Energy Challenge: East and West . George W. Hoffman The Global Climate . John T. Houghton The Urban Jobless in Eastern Africa . Abel G. M. Ishumi . The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America . John A. Jakle City and Society: An Outline for Urban Geography . R. J. Johnston Residential Segregation, The State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas . R. J. Johnston Accessibility and Utilization: Geographical Perspectives on Health Care Delivery . Alun E. Joseph and David R. Phillips To the Heart of Asia: The Life of Sven Hedin . George Kish North American Culture , Vol 1. Ary J. Lamme III Past and Present in the Americas: A Compendium of Recent Studies . John Lynch Ethnicity in Contemporary America: A Geographical Appraisal . Jesse O. Mc Kee The Shell Countryside Book . Richard Muir and Eric Duffey 1990 Planning Conference Series. Proceedings of the National Geographic Areas Conference . Proceedings of the Regional Geographic Areas Conferences Wood, Brick, and Stone: The North American Settlement Landscape . Vol. 2: Barns and Farm Structures . Allen G. Noble Bangladesh: Biography of a Muslim Nation . Charles Peter O'donnell     

关中地区旅游景观的地学内涵

从地学的角度研究关中地区旅游景观不难发现：关中地区山水景观具有深刻的地学成因内涵；古遗址景观具有深刻的环境地学内涵；古建筑的选址和布局充分表现出古代中国人民对地学环境的深刻理解和适度的把握与利用；古遗址与古建筑的表层“风水模式”具有深刻的地学内涵，而赋予一定的科学意义．     

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN CHINA

China is a large marine country. Developing marine economy is an effective way to solve a series of problems with which man is faced, such as the want of natural resources, space limitation, the environmental deterioration, etc. This article analyzes the rich resources of marine biology, harbor, offshore oil and natural gas and coastal tourism resources in China and describes the developing features and regional differences of marine economy. To realize the sustainable development of marine economy in China, what we need to do are as follows: 1 ) to list exploiting ocean into national development strategy; 2) to realize integrated economy of sea and land; 3) to develop ocean by science and technology; 4) to perfect legal institution of marine environment; 5) to establish new idea of sea defending.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Hillslope Processes. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology International Series: 16. Athol D. Abrahams , ed. The Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean. The Diagram Group . The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Lois Lamaya'al Faruqi . Atlas of Israel Contemporary Africa: Development, Culture and the State. Morag Bell . Fundamentals of Physical Geography. David Briggs and Peter Smithson . The Bicentennial Census: New Directions for Methodology in 1990. Constance F. Citro and Michael L. Cohen , eds . World Patterns of Modern Urban Change: Essays in Honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Michael P. Conzen , ed . New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Kenneth A. Dahlberg , ed . Water Resources Atlas of Florida. E.A. Fernald and D.J. Patton , eds . Landscape Ecology. R.T.T. Forman and M. Godron . The Myth of the North American City: Continentalism Challenged. Michael Goldberg and John Mercer . The Permafrost Environment. Stuart A. Harris . Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. Stefan Hastenrath . The Island of South Georgia. Robert Headland . The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees . Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1889–1980. Meera Kosambi . Plant Closings; Public or Private Choices? Richard B. McKenzie , ed . Malaysia: Tradition, Modernity and Islam. R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy . Technology on the Frontier: Mining in Old Ontario. Dianne Newell . The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World. J.R.V. Prescott . Tall Office Buildings in the United States. James W. Pygman and Richard Kateley (Real Estate Research Corporation). Technology, Regions, and Policy. John Rees , ed . The United States and the Regional Organization of Asia and the Pacific: 1965-1985. W.W. Rostow . Renewable Energy: Progress, Prospects. Stephen W. Sawyer Wisconsin Foundations. Gwen Schultz . Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer , eds . Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise , eds . Small Firms in Regional Economic Development: Britain, Ireland and the United States. D. J. Storey , ed . Mathematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning. A. G. Wilson and R. J. Bennett . El Niño North: Niño Effects on the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. W. S. Wooster and D. L. Fluharty , eds . The Soviet Iron and Steel Industry. Craig ZumBrunnen and Jeffrey Osleeb .