地质工作在城市总体规划中的作用

地质工作是经济和社会发展的基础性、先行性工作。城市总体规划,是确定城市的性质、规模和发展目标的重要引领性规划。文章以北京市为例阐述了在城市总体规划编制及实施过程中,要注重发挥城市地质工作的基础支撑作用,以资源环境承载能力底线,合理确定城乡建设规模和开发强度。     

不同城市冠层参数化方案对重庆高密度建筑物环境的数值模拟研究

目前,耦合在WRF模式中的城市冠层方案包括单层冠层方案（UCM）,多层冠层方案（BEP）以及考虑室内外大气能量交换的多层冠层方案（BEP+BEM）。不同方案计算过程及参数设置不尽相同,这些方案能否适应高密度建筑物复杂下垫面的城市气象环境的模拟?建筑物形态参数对于城市气象因子模拟的敏感性如何?为回答上述问题,选取建筑物高密度城市——重庆为研究对象,以2006年重庆高温伏旱天气为背景,采用高分辨率（333 m×333 m）的地理信息系统数据替换WRF模式中默认的美国地质调查局（USGS）静态数据,对WRF中的3种城市冠层方案进行了模拟评估,并进行建筑物形态参数变化对气象因子影响的敏感试验。结果表明：（1）BEP+BEM、BEP、UCM方案模拟值与城区内10个站点2 m高气温观测值的均方差和平均误差分别为1.3、1.4、2.1和-0.5、-0.8、-1.4℃,单层冠层方案相对较差,BEP+BEM方案最好。模拟值普遍略低于观测值。位于密集建筑物周边的2 m高气温模拟值与自动站观测吻合相对较好,而中国国家基本站的观测值与模拟值相比,观测值偏低,靠近水体的模拟结果相对较差;（2）建筑物高度及密度参数的变化对城市近地层气温产生明显的影响,当建筑物高度增高时,由于短波遮蔽作用的影响,白天气温降低最大达到0.4℃,而夜间由于辐射截陷作用增强,气温明显升高,最大可达0.7℃。建筑物间距缩小,导致白天近地面气温降低,夜晚则升高,且夜间变化幅度更大;（3）当调整建筑物高度及密度参数分别为：高度20%（15 m）+60%（20 m）+20%（25 m）,间距20 m时,城区内观测站点2 m高气温观测值与模拟值的均方根误差从1.3℃减小到0.6℃,提高了模式的模拟性能。     

群内和跨群双视角下成渝城市群合作创新网络时空演化研究

基于合作专利数据,使用社会网络分析法,从群内和跨群双视角出发,对成渝城市群内以及跨城市群专利合作网络进行研究。结果表明:(1)成渝城市群合作专利总量空间分布差异显著,合作创新“中部塌陷区”较为明显。(2)群内已经形成以成都、重庆为核心,以绵阳、宜宾为次核心的非均衡合作创新网络,创新联系主要集中在成都和重庆,双核独大现象突出,次级城市数量较少;网络小世界性质较为明显,核心-边缘结构较为稳定,但网络密度较小,发育仍不完善。(3)跨群专利合作路径主要分为东北、东南和东部3个方向,现已形成以成渝城市群为顶点,以京津冀、珠三角、长三角等城市群为主要合作对象的放射状合作创新网络;网络核心-边缘结构较为显著,但网络密度不断减小,跨群专利合作网络整体特性明显弱于群内专利合作网络。     

基于用户生成内容的成渝城市群旅游客流网络结构演化及机理研究

基于社交平台的旅游大数据能够反映旅游者出行过程中的移动轨迹,为旅游流研究提供丰富的数据来源和崭新的研究视角。对2011—2019年游客展现在穷游网上的成渝城市群16个城市的网络游记进行抓取和整理,并结合GIS空间分析、社会网络分析和地理探测器分析,动态刻画旅游者的空间移动演变轨迹,识别演化的影响因素和作用机理。结果表明:旅游客流以成都和重庆为双核心的空间极化现象显著且具有持久性,旅游客流的重心向东南方向偏移且呈现长半轴缩短、短半轴增长的趋势。在旅游客流节点-轴线特征方面,点的程度中心度、接近中心度和中介中心度绝对差异扩大,相对差异缩小;整体网络结构洞水平较低,效能值上升,约束值缩小;客流轴线指向由相对分散向相对集中转变,指向空间邻近城市的城市数量减少,指向核心城市和旅游资源禀赋较高的城市数量增加。旅游资源禀赋和旅游信息化水平两个因素对成渝城市群旅游客流空间格局的塑造和演化影响力值最大。     

成渝城市群基本公共服务均等化的时空特征与成因解析

构建基本公共服务均等化评价指标体系,采用全局主成分分析法测算2010—2018年成渝城市群16个城市的基本公共服务均等化水平并分析其影响因素。结果表明:(1)成渝城市群整体基本公共服务均等化水平逐年提高,但城际绝对差距在扩大、城际均等化水平未显著提升。(2)公共服务子系统的公共教育、医疗卫生、文化服务、环境保护、交通物流的均等化水平都显著改善,但社会保障的不均等化程度加剧。(3)空间上呈现“双核突出、中部塌陷”的结构,与城市位序规模法反映的城市等级体系不匹配。(4)经济发展水平、城镇化率和人口因素对成渝城市群基本公共服务均等化水平有显著正向影响,财政支出水平在经济发展水平和政府绩效考核等约束下对均等化的影响程度不及以上因素。     

“数字城市”建设的核心问题

城市是一种人地关系系统。“数字城市”是城市的信息系统或数字神经系统 ,它必须反映现实城市的人地关系。数字城市是现实城市人地关系在信息空间的影射。数字城市的主体是人 ,由政府、企业和市民构成 ,因此 ,城市信息系统由政府信息系统、企业信息系统、公众服务信息系统构成 ,政府信息系统是“数字城市”的核心。     

城镇土地定级估价信息系统

该系统利用日益成熟的GIS技术 ,结合当前开展的城镇土地定级与基准地价更新工作不依赖任何GIS平台自行设计开发。实践证明 ,系统功能完善 ,自动化程度高 ,开放性能好 ,便于联网 ,成果符合中华人民共和国国家标准《城镇土地分等定级规程》和《城镇土地估价规程》的要求 ,为城镇土地定级与基准地价更新工作的顺利完成奠定了基础。     

Developing an integrated urban ecological efficiency framework for spatial ecological planning: A case on a tropical mega metropolitan area of the global south

Rapid urbanization has emerged as one of the most critical challenges to ecological sustainability in urban areas. In developing countries, the degradation of the ecosystem is more prominent due to the lack of urban planning. Thus, it has become urgent for researchers to identify the ecological efficiency (EE) changes imposed by urban expansion and promote sustainable land use planning. This study aims to develop a comprehensive urban ecological efficiency (UEE) framework in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, from 2000 to 2020. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to develop a remote sensing-based UEE index (UEEI) based on five effective ecological parameters (Greenness, Dryness, Heat, Wetness and vegetation health. A single sensitivity parameter was also calculated to determine the role of a single parameter based on which management strategies can be carried out. The findings showed that (i) there were substantial deteriorations of UEE in the last 20 years. In 2000 the areas with good EE were about 65.5% which declined to 53.72% in 2010 and 20.87% in 2020. The areas with good UEE decreased 68% and 61% from 2000 to 2020 and 2010 to 2020, respectively; (ii) the areas with good UEE were 52% in 2000, while 38% in 2010. Most urban centres (Bhadreshwar, Champdani, Srirampur, Bally, Howrah, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, South Dum Dum, Rajarhat, Bidhannagar) located around the Kolkata megacity are characterized by poor and very poor EE (ranges of 0.60–1.00). Thus, spatiotemporal pattern of UEE could assist to clarify the administrative responsibilities as well as obligations. In addition to this, the UEE framework can help for scientific guidance of urban ecosystem protection and restoration through comprehensive spatial landscape planning.     

Lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic: A case study from Indian cities shows insignificant effects on persistent property of urban air quality

The influence of reduction in emissions on the inherent temporal characteristics of PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentration time series in six urban cities of India is assessed by computing the Hurst exponent using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) during the lockdown period (March 24–April 20, 2020) and the corresponding period during the previous two years (i.e., 2018 and 2019). The analysis suggests the anticipated impact of confinement on the PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentration in urban cities, causing low concentrations. It is observed that the original PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentration time series is persistent but filtering the time series by fitting the autoregressive process of order 1 on the actual time series and subtracting it changes the persistence property significantly. It indicates the presence of linear correlations in the PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentrations. Hurst exponent of the PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentration during the lockdown period and previous two years shows that the inherent temporal characteristics of the short-term air pollutant concentrations (APCs) time series do not change even after withholding the emissions. The meteorological variations also do not change over the three time periods. The finding helps in developing the prediction models for future policy decisions to improve urban air quality across cities.     

A comparative study on four major cities in Northeastern Thailand using urban land density function

Urban land density is an important factor to understand how cities expand. An “Inverse S-shape Rule” was implemented for the first time to analyze urban land density in Northeastern Thailand using the four cities Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, Nakhon Phanom, and Nong Khai as study sites. Land density function was tested using different data classification techniques from previous studies. Each city was investigated over two different time periods between 2002 and 2015. Declining pattern characteristics of metropolitan area density outward from city centers can be quantified by fitting the parameters to urban land density functions. An inverse S-shape function was identified as the best data fit. The four selected cities showed conventional density variation for decline in urban land area from city centers to outlying areas. Overall trend indicated that cities became more compact over time since the density differences between the urban core and urban fringe were greater with increasing infilling growth within the urban boundary. All four cities increased in size over time; however, the increasing amount of built-up land in the surrounding rural areas did not follow the same trend in each case. Some functional parameters required careful interpretation because of the linear shape of the city as in the case of Nakhon Phanom. Using highly detailed urban data resulted in lower densities of urban areas compared to the conventional pixel-based classification, and this affected the overall shape of the inverse S-shape function. The fitted parameters and their changing trends indicated that the urban land density function was useful for understanding urban form and urban sprawl in Thailand. Results can be used to develop a specific framework for other cities with similar attributes in the future.