Heat transfer coefficients of natural volcanic clasts

Heat transfer coefficients used in numerical simulations of volcanic eruptions are typically borrowed from industrial settings where the coefficients are well determined for non-permeable, machined (spherical) materials. Volcanic clasts, in contrast, are permeable and have irregular shapes. We performed a series of laboratory experiments to determine heat transfer coefficients for natural volcanic particles. We measured the surface and interior temperatures during cooling at wind speeds ranging from 0 to 10 m/s. We also measured the permeability and density of the particles. We find that the permeability of the particles has little effect on clast cooling. In the absence of any wind, heat loss occurs by free convection, and we find no relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and particle density. However, for non-zero Reynolds numbers (finite wind speed), the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing porosity. We obtain a correlation for the dimensionless heat loss, or Nusselt number, of the form Nu = 2 + aRe^1/2Pr^1/3 where a is a density dependent coefficient given by a = 0.00022ρ + 0.31, with ρ in kg/m³, and Re and Pr are the Reynolds number and Prandtl number, respectively. Compared with non-porous particles, heat transfer coefficients for natural pumice clasts are reduced by a factor of 2–3 for particles with similar Re. Numerical simulations show that this leads to an increase in depositional temperature by 50–90 °C.     

拉萨和羌塘地块地震活动和热前兆现象及其机理研究

青藏地块活动区南部的II级拉萨和羌塘地块内部的M≥6.5强震活动比北部的巴颜喀拉、 柴达木和祁连II级地块内部明显活跃, 这可能与拉萨和羌塘地块处于地壳厚度较大、 较高的热状态和较低的正断层剪切强度等地学背景下, 导致地壳强度较弱有关。 拉萨和羌塘地块内部两次拉张性正断层活动的强震(2008年于田7.3级和当雄6.6级)前热异常的震例, 可能与临震前孕震区及邻近断层带扩容, 以及中下地壳低速层熔融物质或流体的进入有关。     

Silicate‐oxide mineral chemistry of mafic–ultramafic rocks as an indicator of the roots of an island arc: The Chilas Complex,Kohistan (Pakistan)

The Chilas Complex is a major lower crustal component of the Cretaceous Kohistan island arc and one of the largest exposed slices of arc magma chamber in the world. Covering more than 8000 km², it reaches a current tectonic width of around 40 km. It was emplaced at 85 Ma during rifting of the arc soon after the collision of the arc with the Karakoram plate. Over 85% of the Complex comprises homogeneous, olivine‐free gabbronorite and subordinate orthopyroxene–quartz diorite association (MGNA), which contains bodies of up to 30 km² of ultramafic–mafic–anorthositic association (UMAA) rocks. Primary cumulate textures, igneous layering, and sedimentary structures are well preserved in layered parts of the UMAA in spite of pervasive granulite facies metamorphism. Mineral analyses show that the UMAA is characterized by more magnesian and more aluminous pyroxene and more calcic plagioclase than those in the MGNA. High modal abundances of orthopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite (in MGNA), general Mg–Fe–Al spatial variations, and an MFA plot of whole‐rock analyses suggest a calc‐alkaline origin for the Complex. Projection of the pyroxene compositions on the Wo–En–Fs face is akin to those of pyroxenes from island arcs gabbros. The presence of highly calcic plagioclase and hornblende in UMAA is indicative of hydrous parental arc magma. The complex may be a product of two‐stage partial melting of a rising mantle diaper. The MGNA rocks represent the earlier phase melting, whereas the UMAA magma resulted from the melting of the same source depleted by the extraction of the earlier melt phase. Some of the massive peridotites in the UMAA may either be cumulates or represent metasomatized and remobilized upper mantle. The Chilas Complex shows similarities with many other (supra)subduction‐related mafic–ultramafic complexes worldwide.     

高强防寒保温泡沫混凝土研制与工程应用

复杂地层寒区隧道填充材料需兼具防寒保温、抗震和优化支护等性能,为解决常规泡沫混凝土在复杂地层寒区隧道应用中存在的不足,通过正交试验得到了自制泡沫混凝土的最佳配合比,研制了一种高强防寒保温泡沫混凝土.通过室内试验,研究了所制泡沫混凝土的保温性能和冻融劣化特征,并采用数值分析方法探讨了西藏嘎隆拉隧道初衬和二衬之间加设泡沫混凝土垫层后的温度场变化规律.结果表明：该泡沫混凝土具有较好的保温性能和抗冻融损伤性能,同时强度、延性较普通泡沫混凝土都有明显改善.数值计算结果显示,当在初衬和二衬之间增设泡沫混凝土垫层时,其相应位置的温度变幅由不设置时的4.5℃变为2℃,最低温度由1℃提高到了3℃,表明加设所研制泡沫混凝土垫层对于阻止围岩受到隧道内冷空气的侵害具有非常显著的效果.     

基于土地集约利用水平的城市热岛效应影响因子分析

利用乌鲁木齐市1990年8月6日、2001年7月11日和2013年7月4日三期热红外遥感数据,定量反演亮度温度,利用均值-标准差法对温度进行分级后评价城市热岛效应时间变化特征:1990、2001、2013年3个时段,乌鲁木齐市最大热岛强度分别为11.48℃,12.06℃和14.01℃;加权平均热岛强度分别为1.033℃,1.603℃,1.236℃;城市热岛比例指数分别为0.1054,0.3945和0.4328;乌鲁木齐市城市热岛效应在平均水平上呈现先增强、后减弱的趋势,最大热岛强度、热岛比例指数均增加,城市已初步形成区域内的"热岛",城市高温区温度将继续上升且面积存在扩展趋势.利用PSR模型构建指标体系对城市土地集约利用水平进行评价,在同时段内乌鲁木齐市城市土地集约利用水平和协调性均在提高.从评价结果出发,通过相关分析,得出基于土地集约利用的城市热岛效应影响因子包括:人口密度、建成区绿地覆盖率、地均国民生产总值、人均建设用地面积、人均道路铺装面积、地均固定资产投资,这些因子涵盖了经济、社会、环境三个方面.     

挤密条件下U型地埋管换热器换热效率的理论分析及数值模拟

土层的导热系数是影响地源热泵地埋管换热器换热效率的重要因素之一,与土样的密度密切相关。为了提高地源热泵换热器换热效率,本文基于柱热源理论,建立了挤密钻进条件下换热器的传热理论模型,对换热器的换热效率进行了计算,并利用Ansys有限元软件对土层挤密条件下换热器的换热效果进行了数值分析。结果表明,与传统方法相比,土层挤密可有效降低钻孔周围的热阻,U型管换热器的换热效率可提高17%~20%。     

武汉城市扩张对热场时空演变的影响

深入分析城市扩张对城市热场时空分布及演变的影响机制,对探求城市热岛效应缓解对策、改善城市生态环境质量意义重大。基于1987年、1996年、2007年和2013年的Landsat影像反演武汉主城区地表温度、提取不透水面值,定量研究两者的关系,探讨城市建设对城市热场空间分布的影响;采用不透水面和正规化地表温度差值影像动态定量1987-2013年武汉城市扩张对热场时空演变的影响机制。结果表明：① 1987-2013年,武汉不透水面不断增加,城市建设强度加强,城市扩张明显,但是不同时期表现出不同的扩张方向、范围和模式。② 城市热岛效应主要发生在相应时期的建成区和武钢工业区,而城市大型水体则表现出明显的“冷廊效应”和“冷岛效应”;1987-1996年、1996-2007年和2007-2013年热状况恶化面积分别为382.0 km²、305.1 km²和105.7 km²,热状况总体呈现恶化趋势。③ 不透水面指数能较好地解释热场空间的异质性,两者回归方程的系数为0.751~0.923,不透水面值每增加0.1,正规化地表温度值会增加0.01~0.02。④ 城市热状况变化从改良极显著、改良较显著、无变化、恶化较显著到恶化极显著,对应的不透水面差值由小到大,城市扩张和城市建设强度加大对恶化城市热环境和加剧城市热岛扩展作用明显。     

矿用高强度钻杆关键制造工艺技术分析

在瓦斯抽采钻孔施工过程中,钻杆承受复杂交变应力的作用,往往从焊缝区断裂,选用合理的摩擦焊接工艺和热处理工艺生产钻杆,增强钻杆焊缝区的机械性能,是延长钻杆服役时间的有效技术途径。     

沈阳地区应用地源热泵系统的技术问题探讨与展望

简要分析了地下水源热泵工作的技术原理、类型及应用地源热泵工作需注意的问题,并阐述了目前沈阳地区应用地源热泵的主要相关问题及解决的对策、建议,最后提出改善地源热泵的技术展望——应用干热岩供暖的趋向。