The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy

Strategies to mitigate anthropogenic climate change recognize that carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere can reduce the build-up of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, climate mitigation policies do not generally incorporate the effects of these changes in the land surface on the surface albedo, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere, and the distribution of energy within the climate system. Changes in these components of the surface energy budget can affect the local, regional, and global climate. Given the goal of mitigating climate change, it is important to consider all of the effects of changes in terrestrial vegetation and to work toward a better understanding of the full climate system. Acknowledging the importance of land surface change as a component of climate change makes it more challenging to create a system of credits and debits wherein emission or sequestration of carbon in the biosphere is equated with emission of carbon from fossil fuels. Recognition of the complexity of human-caused changes in climate does not, however, weaken the importance of actions that would seek to minimize our disturbance of the Earth’s environmental system and that would reduce societal and ecological vulnerability to environmental change and variability.     

热惯量法在监测土壤表层水分变化中的研究

利用遥感方法监测一定层水深土壤水分变化，关键是建立卫星数据与地表水热变化关系，该文地遥感定量反演土壤水热变化的数值模拟系统及热惯量在其边界，初始条件确定中所起的作用进行的简述，并介绍了热惯量法求解表层水分含量的发展概况，为进一步提高定量化监测方法的地必琢计算精度，该文发展了地表能量平均方程的一种新的化简方法，经过这样的处理，可从遥感图象数据直接得到真实热惯量值，进而得到土壤水分含量分布，通过野外实     

ENSO对南沙海域气候状况的影响

对１９６１—１９９０年（部分资料到１９９４年）期间在南沙海域的观测资料，进行了统计分析，其结果表明：在ＥＮＳＯ发生的当年，南沙海域的海平面气压呈正距平，年降水量明显偏少，热带气旋活动的日数一般偏少；在历次ＥＮＳＯ过程中，南沙海域的总云量与ＳＯＩ的变化趋势基本一致。该项工作有助于了解ＥＮＳＯ对南沙海域天气气候的综合影响和提高天气预报的质量     

圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点迁移的构造热效应

由于圣安德烈斯断层门多西诺三联点向北迁移，或北美板块的相对向南运动，驱动角落流使地幔热物质向板片窗上涌，造成地幔温度升高和部分熔融．本文通过二维暂态有限单元法计算表明，当北美盖层厚度为20km时，计算预测的地热分布、部分熔融百分比、岩浆岩活动的时空分布特征等都与实际地热、地震和地质观测很好地吻合，确认了角落流机制和它引起的暂态热过程的重要性．     

地区发展水平衡量指标体系设计及实例分析

选定地区发展水平衡量指标，测度区域社会，经济，文化发展水平或发育程度是一项有重要的工作，本文试图为量度我国西部地区发展水平提供一套昼完整的指标体系，并对一个具体实例进行衡量和计算，由此说明地区的区内发展程度的差异，划分区域发展的不同类型。     

宝鸡某场地污染土的分析评价

宝鸡某场地由于长期堆放食盐，造成地基上污染、通过勘察，查明了污染土层，进行了腐蚀性测试和评价，对场地污染区与非污染区土的物理力学性质指标进行了对比，并分析了土的污染机理，提出了防护措施。     

Mallow Springs,County Cork,Ireland

Because of its copious and reliable rainfall, Ireland has an abundance of springs. Many of the larger ones issue from the Carboniferous limestone that occurs in over 40% of the country. The spring water is mainly a calcium bicarbonate type with a temperature of about 10°C. In the 18th century, warm and cold springs were developed as spas in various parts of Ireland. The popularity of these springs was short and most were in major decline by 1850. Today only one cold spa at Lisdoonvarna, Co. Clare is still operating. Springs in Ireland were places of religious significance for the pre-Christian Druidic religion. In the Christian period they became holy wells, under the patronage of various saints. Cures for many different ailments were attributed to water from these wells.     

土水特征曲线的通用数学模型研究

土水特征曲线对于研究非饱和土的物理力学特性至关重要。根据土水特征曲线可以确定非饱和土的强度、体应变和渗透系数 ,甚至可以确定地下水面以上水份分布。由于土体物理力学特性的差异 ,导致描述其土水特征曲线的数学模型也各不相同。因此 ,建立土水特征曲线的通用数学表达式 ,显得尤为必要。本文对土水特征曲线数学模型进行了研究 ,依据这些模型的数学表达式形式 ,将其划分为 4种类型。分别由这 4种类型的数学模型推导出具有统一表达式形式的土水特征曲线通用数学模型 ,并运用陕北高原黄土土水特征曲线试验数据对通用数学模型进行了研究     

The possible connection between ionization in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and low level clouds

Recent analysis of monthly mean cloud data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project uncovered a strong correlation between low cloud and the cosmic ray flux for extensive regions of the Earth. Additional data have been recently released covering the period up to September 2001 with which we have made a new study of the geographical variation of the correlation between low cloud and predicted ionization level from cosmic rays at an altitude of 2 km. When analysed globally, we find that the correlations do not correspond to the latitude variation of cosmic ray flux and they are not field significant. Nonetheless they appear to be marginally field significant over broad latitude and longitude bands with a peak positive correlation at 50 degrees North and South and a tendency to negative correlation at lower latitudes. The correlation is strongest over the North and South Atlantic. Several of these features are consistent with the predictions of the electroscavenging process.We use a simple model to calculate the climatic impact should the correlation be confirmed. We show that, under the most favorable conditions, a reduction in low cloud cover since the late 19th century, combined with the direct forcing by solar irradiance can explain a significant part of the global warming over the past century, but not all. However, this computation assumes that there is no feedback or changes in cloud at other levels.     

沈阳近百年的温度变化特征及其环流形势分析

沈阳地处全球温度变化的敏感带，在近百年的温度观测记录中，沈阳的温度变化呈逐渐上升之势，近百年增高约1．7℃，这种上升趋势在冬季远比夏季明显。沈阳的年平均温度变化有一个12a的周期，各周期温度基本呈阶梯状上升，20世纪末的周期冬季平均温度比世纪初的周期升温2．8℃左右。从近50a的极端温度的变化趋势来看，极端最低温度明显升高，而极端最高温度并没有上升，变化趋势甚至略下降，以致冬、夏两季温差缩小。从沈阳的最低平均温度和最高平均温度变化来看，两者均随时间逐渐升高，说明沈阳市的增温不仅是最低温度升高造成的，最高温度的增温作用亦十分重要。从冬季环流形势分析来看，东亚大槽及其后弱脊和地面蒙古高压在上世纪80年代、90年代明显减弱，使得冷空气向南侵袭的径向气流减弱，是导致位于冷空气通道中的沈阳冬季增温明显的原因之一。