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MSE准则下岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计的比较与选择

研究了测量平差Gauss—Markov模型中岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计的比较与选择问题。首先在均方误差（MSE）准则下对岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计进行了比较,得到了岭-主成分组合估计优于LS估计的椭球条件;然后运用Monte Carlo方法对这些条件进行了假设检验;最后通过数值实验说明,在一定显著性水平下当原假设被接受时,可采用岭-主成分组合估计对LS估计做出比较有效的改进,当原假设被拒绝时,应该仍采用LS估计。     

The impacts of food price and income shocks on household food security and economic well-being: Evidence from rural Bangladesh

This paper examines the combined impacts of food price and income shocks on household food security and economic well-being in low-income rural communities. Using longitudinal survey data of 1800 rural households from 12 districts of Bangladesh over the period 2007–2009, we estimated a three-stage hierarchical logit model to identify the key sources of household food insecurity. The first-difference estimator was then employed to compare pre- and post-shock expenditure for those households that experienced acute food shortages and those that managed to avoid the worst impacts of the shocks. On the basis of our results we conclude that: (1) the soaring food prices of 2007–2009 unequivocally aggravated food insecurity in the rural areas of Bangladesh; (2) the subsequent income shocks of 2007–2009 contributed toward worsening food insecurity; (3) the adverse impacts of these shocks appeared to have faded over time due to labor and commodity market adjustments, regional economic growth, and domestic policy responses, leaving no profound impacts on households’ economic well-being in most cases; and (4) although the immediate adverse consequences of rising food prices were borne disproportionately by the poor, the longer term consequences were distributed more evenly across the rich and poor and were favorable for the day laborers.     

Estimation of Areal Frequency and Mean Trace Length of Discontinuities Observed in Non-Planar Surfaces

Summary. Mauldon (1998) suggested end-point estimators of areal frequency and mean trace length for a planar sampling window which were recently proved to be unbiased maximum likelihood estimators by Lyman (2003). The present paper is to expand the concept and applicability of the end-point estimators to those for a general non-planar sampling window. The generalized end-point estimators are verified and its applicability for variable discontinuity orientation is checked by Monte Carlo simulation. Standard deviation of estimation error and estimation efficiency of areal frequency and mean trace length are also considered.